Commit `b021de29f4`

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cmc <hello@cleberg.net> · 2025-08-20 03:39 UTC

summary of commits from minimal-enhancements

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content/about/index.org added +27

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
	1	#+title: About
	2	#+slug: index
	3
	4	Hey, I'm /~cmc/.
	5
	6	I'm a technology audit manager, working on financial statement audits (SOX/MAR),
	7	SOC 1-3 reports, and other attestations for KPMG.
	8
	9	Read up on my [[https://cv.cleberg.net][CV]] or [[https://cleberg.net/salary/][salary]] for more information.
	10
	11	In my spare time, I like to:
	12
	13	- Run linux servers
	14	- Enhance my home lab network
	15	- Write personal programs, mostly in Python
	16	- Research various topics (history, geography, science, etc.)
	17	- Write blog posts and general documentation
	18	- Converse with others on IRC and Matrix
	19	- Play video games and watch television
	20
	21	If you want to chat, you can find me in the following spaces:
	22
	23	- [[mailto:hello@cleberg.net][hello@cleberg.net]] ([[https://cleberg.net/gpg.txt][GPG]])
	24	- [[https://lemmy.cleberg.net/u/cmc][@cmc]] on Lemmy
	25	- [[https://matrix.to/#/@cmc.:matrix.org][@cmc.:matrix.org]] on Matrix
	26	- @cmc.01 on [[https://signal.org/][Signal]]
	27	- [[https://sr.ht/~cxc][~cxc]] on Sourcehut

content/blog/2025-06-02-private-ios-apps.org +111 −127

	@@ -4,16 +4,14 @@
4	#+slug: private-ios-apps	4	#+slug: private-ios-apps
5	#+filetags: :ios:privacy:security:	5	#+filetags: :ios:privacy:security:
6		6
7	In a world where our phones are extensions of ourselves, balancing convenience	7	The world is evolving into a privacy nightmare, where our own devices are being
8	with privacy can feel like a losing battle — especially on iOS, where platform	8	used by numerous parties to constantly track and report on our activities. This
9	restrictions narrow the options. But it's not impossible. There's a growing	9	is especially prevalent on iOS, where platform restrictions leave users without
10	ecosystem of privacy-respecting apps, tools, and communities focused on helping	10	many options to lock down their data.
11	iPhone users take back some control.
12		11
13	Below is a curated list of privacy resources, directories, and testing tools	12	However, there are apps that exist that can help enhance the privacy of an iOS
14	specifically useful for iOS. Whether you're looking for a better email client, a	13	device. The post below details a number of privacy resources, directories, and
15	trustworthy VPN, or simply places to learn more, these links are a solid	14	tools for iOS.
16	starting point.
17		15
18	Resource Table	16	Resource Table
19		17
	@@ -36,38 +34,28 @@ starting point.
36		34
37	#+begin_quote	35	#+begin_quote
38	Note: This list focuses solely on iOS-compatible resources and tools. No	36	Note: This list focuses solely on iOS-compatible resources and tools. No
39	Android comparisons here — just options for those of us living in Apple's walled	37	Android comparisons here as I have not used Android in many years.
40	garden.
41	#+end_quote	38	#+end_quote
42		39
43	* Email	40	* Email
44		41
45	First and foremost, I like to consider email as my first app on a new device.	42	First, I like to consider email as my first app on a new device. However, iOS is
46	However, the iOS market lacks a wealth of open-source and private email clients.	43	\extremely\ lacking in this area. Certain options are private, such as Proton
47	There are a few options, such as Proton Mail and Tuta, which are open source and	44	Mail and Tuta, but they have certain restrictions and ecosystem lock-in methods
48	private, but they lock you into their ecosystem. Tuta doesn't allow for custom	45	that I try to avoid.
49	domains and neither allows SMTP/IMAP access.	46
50		47	Canary Mail was a decent option for a while, although a bit mysterious, but they
51	Canary Mail is a decent option, as it is a classic SMTP/IMAP client - and does	48	have recently leaned into the AI hype pretty heavily, which is concerning.
52	more than most as it's one of the only PGP email clients on iOS - but is closed	49	However, it's still one of the only options for PGP emails on iOS.
53	source and the company behind it seems more focused on AI than privacy.	50
54		51	- [[https://proton.me/mail][Proton Mail]] - One of the more popular private email options available on iOS.
55	- [[https://proton.me/mail][Proton Mail]] - A more mainstream-feeling app with PGP support built-in. Good if	52	Allows custom domains, but does not allow for IMAP/SMTP usage, so you're
56	you're looking for something that feels like Apple Mail but with privacy	53	locked into using their apps. Open source.
57	upgrades.	54	- [[https://tuta.com/][Tuta]] - Tuta also locks you into their clients and they do not allow you to use
58	- [[https://tuta.com/][Tuta]] - Tuta (formerly Tutanota) takes privacy a step further by encrypting	55	custom domains. Open source.
59	subject lines, message content, attachments, and calendar events. It also	56	- [[https://canarymail.io/][Canary Mail]] - Closed source, so you can't verify anything about what they are
60	avoids using phone numbers or third-party services for registration. The iOS	57	building into the app. However, it's one of the only options for PGP mail on
61	app is reliable for the basics. Downsides: no IMAP/SMTP support, so you can't	58	iOS. Advanced features are locked behind a paywall.
62	plug it into your own mail clients, and notifications require a premium plan
63	if you want them in real-time. Great if you care about metadata exposure.
64	- [[https://canarymail.io/][Canary Mail]] - A more polished, user-friendly email client that supports
65	end-to-end encryption using PGP and their own “SecureSend” feature for
66	encrypted messages. Canary works with multiple mail providers (Gmail, Outlook,
67	etc.), so it's more of a privacy enhancement for existing services rather than
68	a private mail provider itself. Downsides: it's a proprietary, closed-source
69	app, and some privacy features require a subscription. Better than stock Mail
70	for security, but you're still trusting their implementation.
71		59
72	Another suggestion is to use a browser-based web client. You can install browser	60	Another suggestion is to use a browser-based web client. You can install browser
73	mail clients as progressive web apps (PWAs). For example, I have been using	61	mail clients as progressive web apps (PWAs). For example, I have been using
	@@ -91,35 +79,29 @@ releases for iOS, I will probably use that.
91		79
92	* Browsers	80	* Browsers
93		81
94	Your browser is basically the front door to the internet — and also the window,	82	Your choise of browser is very important if you're concerned with privacy. Any
95	mailbox, and security camera. It's where trackers, ads, fingerprinting scripts,	83	and all links you click will be opened in your default browser, so you need to
96	and data leaks happen most often. Even on a locked-down phone, if your browser	84	make sure you choose the right browser and configure it properly. Trackers, ads,
97	isn't protecting your traffic, your personal info can quietly leak out through	85	fingerprints, and data leaks are constant threats that should be avoided when
98	third-party scripts, embedded media, and background connections. Choosing a	86	possible.
99	privacy-respecting browser is one of the most impactful decisions you can make	87
100	for mobile privacy.	88	- [[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/firefox-focus-privacy-browser/id1055677337][Firefox Focus]] - In my opinion, the best option for privacy on iOS.
101		89	Automatically blocks trackers, erases data and history upon app close, and
102	- [[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/firefox-focus-privacy-browser/id1055677337][Firefox Focus]] - A stripped-down, no-nonsense browser from Mozilla. It	90	focused on private usage. However, it won't support your bookmarks or keep you
103	automatically blocks trackers, erases your browsing history with a tap, and	91	logged into sites long-term.
104	skips extras like tabs or bookmarks. Great for one-off searches and quick	92	- [[https://duckduckgo.com/app][DuckDuckGo]] - Another good option, built on chromium. Like Focus, it allows you
105	visits to privacy-sensitive sites.	93	to clear all data with a button tap.
106	- [[https://duckduckgo.com/app][DuckDuckGo]] - A full-featured private browser with built-in tracker blocking,	94	- [[https://onionbrowser.com/][Onion Browser]] & [[https://orbot.app/][Orbot]] - Tor - what can I say? It's been the most popular
107	HTTPS upgrades, and a clear data button. It also integrates DuckDuckGo search	95	privacy browser for ages for a reason and now it's available on iOS. Onion
108	and email protection. Solid for daily use if you don't want your browsing	96	Browser is a Tor browser and Orbot can proxy any number of iOS apps through
109	activity tied to a bigger tech company.	97	Tor. As with all Tor traffic, it will be slower than "regular" traffic.
110	- [[https://onionbrowser.com/][Onion Browser]] & [[https://orbot.app/][Orbot]] - Your best bet for anonymous browsing on iOS. Onion	98	- [[https://brave.com/][Brave]] - Another chromium-based privacy browser. Can sync with other Brave
111	Browser routes traffic over Tor, while Orbot can proxy other apps system-wide	99	browsers via a secure linking process (no account). Fully-featured and great
112	through Tor. Slower than normal browsers, but excellent for masking your IP	100	privacy defaults. There have been some concerns in the past about the company
113	and avoiding surveillance.	101	behind Brave, but I still think it's a decent option for most peoplel.
114	- [[https://brave.com/][Brave]] - Privacy-focused with ad and tracker blocking built-in, Brave also runs	102	- [[https://www.apple.com/safari/][Safari]] (with caveats) - Great option if the browsers above don't work for you.
115	its own private search engine and supports things like Tor tabs (on desktop,	103	Be sure to read PrivacyGuide's [[https://www.privacyguides.org/en/mobile-browsers/#safari-ios][Safari]] section for more information on what you
116	not iOS). On iOS, it's basically a privacy-enhanced Safari/WebKit shell —	104	need to do to lock it down before relying on it full time.
117	better than nothing, but subject to Apple's browser engine limits.
118	- [[https://www.apple.com/safari/][Safari]] (with caveats) - Surprisingly decent for privacy if you tweak the
119	settings. Enable “Prevent Cross-Site Tracking,” block all cookies, and disable
120	preload for best results. Still, it's tied to your Apple ID and iCloud syncing
121	unless you're careful, so don't treat it as anonymous. For a great baseline
122	configuration, read PrivacyGuide's [[https://www.privacyguides.org/en/mobile-browsers/#safari-ios][Safari]] section.
123		105
124	#+begin_quote	106	#+begin_quote
125	I use: Hardened safari in private mode for every day use, and Onion Browser	107	I use: Hardened safari in private mode for every day use, and Onion Browser
	@@ -128,30 +110,26 @@ for anonymous browsing.
128		110
129	* Messaging	111	* Messaging
130		112
131	If you're trying to keep conversations off surveillance infrastructure, choosing	113	Next up are messaging apps. If you have an iPhone, it's a good bet that you will
132	the right messaging app is crucial. Between metadata collection, insecure cloud	114	be messaging other people on it. The threats for messaging apps tend to be
133	backups, and shady server practices, most mainstream chat apps aren't	115	metadata/data collection from cellular providers, ISPs, and Apple itself. If you
134	privacy-friendly by design. On iOS, you're a little more limited than on	116	want to protect the privacy of your messages, who your messaging, and the
135	Android, but there are still solid options built around end-to-end encryption	117	metadata around those messages (time, method, location, etc.), you'll need to
136	and metadata minimization.	118	think about which apps you're using.
137		119
138	- [[https://signal.org/][Signal]] - The gold standard for secure messaging. Open source, end-to-end	120	- [[https://signal.org/][Signal]] - My personal favorite and still the gold standard for secure and
139	encrypted, and runs its own private push notification infrastructure so Apple	121	private messaging. Open source, end-to-end encrypted, and runs its own private
140	can't read your message content. Downsides: phone number required for signup	122	push notification infrastructure so Apple can't read your message content. A
141	(a known metadata weak point).	123	phone number is required to sign up, but you can create a username immediately
		124	after signing up and share that with others instead of sharing your phone
		125	number.
142	- [[https://simplex.chat/][SimpleX]] - A decentralized, phone-number-free messaging system. Uses anonymous	126	- [[https://simplex.chat/][SimpleX]] - A decentralized, phone-number-free messaging system. Uses anonymous
143	message relays and asymmetric keys. Great for pseudonymous chats or if you're	127	message relays and asymmetric keys.
144	tired of number-based identity systems.
145	- [[https://getsession.org/][Session]] - A fork of Signal's protocol that eliminates phone numbers entirely.	128	- [[https://getsession.org/][Session]] - A fork of Signal's protocol that eliminates phone numbers entirely.
146	Routes messages through a decentralized onion network (like Tor). Excellent	129	Routes messages through a decentralized onion network (like Tor).
147	for metadata resistance, though message delivery can sometimes lag.
148	- [[https://element.io/][Element]] - Based on the Matrix protocol, offering decentralized, federated	130	- [[https://element.io/][Element]] - Based on the Matrix protocol, offering decentralized, federated
149	chat. Great for groups and communities, with optional end-to-end encryption. A	131	chat. Great for groups and communities, with optional end-to-end encryption.
150	little heavier on resources than the others.	132	Other client options are available for Matrix on iOS, as well.
151
152	Privacy-friendly messaging isn't perfect on iOS — background sync restrictions
153	and notification relay challenges exist — but these tools will cover most needs
154	while keeping your data away from corporate servers.
155		133
156	#+begin_quote	134	#+begin_quote
157	I use: Signal for private chats with known people, and Matrix for group chats.	135	I use: Signal for private chats with known people, and Matrix for group chats.
	@@ -160,8 +138,8 @@ while keeping your data away from corporate servers.
160	* VPNs & Networking	138	* VPNs & Networking
161		139
162	Network traffic is where most surveillance happens. Even with encrypted	140	Network traffic is where most surveillance happens. Even with encrypted
163	messaging and browsers, your IP address and DNS queries reveal a lot. A good VPN	141	messaging and browsers, your IP address and DNS queries reveal a lot about you.
164	or alternative network routing tool masks this, but not all VPNs are	142	A good VPN or alternative network routing tool masks this, but not all VPNs are
165	trustworthy. Avoid “free” services or those lacking transparency.	143	trustworthy. Avoid “free” services or those lacking transparency.
166		144
167	- [[https://mullvad.net/][Mullvad]] - A no-logs VPN that doesn't require an email or personal info to	145	- [[https://mullvad.net/][Mullvad]] - A no-logs VPN that doesn't require an email or personal info to
	@@ -174,10 +152,10 @@ trustworthy. Avoid “free” services or those lacking transparency.
174	polished for mobile but useful for hobbyists or building private networks	152	polished for mobile but useful for hobbyists or building private networks
175	between devices.	153	between devices.
176		154
177	If you can't self-host or build your own mesh, Mullvad is hands-down the	155	If you can't self-host or build your own mesh, Mullvad is hands-down the easiest
178	cleanest option here. There are other VPN options available, but I haven't	156	option here. There are other VPN options available, but I haven't tested them
179	tested them all so I will simply put my vote for Mullvad here and let you	157	all so I will simply put my vote for Mullvad here and let you research other
180	research other options if you don't want to use Mullvad.	158	options if you don't want to use Mullvad.
181		159
182	#+begin_quote	160	#+begin_quote
183	I use: Mullvad for 24/7 usage, and Tor when anonymity is required.	161	I use: Mullvad for 24/7 usage, and Tor when anonymity is required.
	@@ -185,12 +163,12 @@ research other options if you don't want to use Mullvad.
185		163
186	* Password Management	164	* Password Management
187		165
188	Weak, reused passwords are still one of the biggest risks for personal security.	166	Weak and reused passwords are still the biggest risks for personal security. A
189	A good password manager makes it possible to use strong, unique credentials	167	good password manager makes it possible to use strong, unique credentials
190	without memorizing them all.	168	without memorizing them all.
191		169
192	- [[https://bitwarden.com/][Bitwarden]] - Open source, audited, and free to self-host. The iOS app	170	- [[https://bitwarden.com/][Bitwarden]] - Open source, audited, and free to self-host (e.g., Vaultwarden).
193	integrates with system autofill and Face ID. Solid for most users.	171	The iOS app integrates with system autofill and Face ID.
194	- [[https://keepassium.com/][KeePassium]] - A KeePass-compatible client for iOS. Local database storage,	172	- [[https://keepassium.com/][KeePassium]] - A KeePass-compatible client for iOS. Local database storage,
195	optional cloud sync, and no external accounts. Excellent if you want full	173	optional cloud sync, and no external accounts. Excellent if you want full
196	control over your credential store.	174	control over your credential store.
	@@ -198,8 +176,8 @@ without memorizing them all.
198	your database with a secure method like [[https://cryptomator.org/][Cryptomator]]-protected cloud storage,	176	your database with a secure method like [[https://cryptomator.org/][Cryptomator]]-protected cloud storage,
199	Syncthing, or local-only transfers.	177	Syncthing, or local-only transfers.
200		178
201	Good password hygiene matters more than people realize, and these apps give you	179	Good passwords matter are extremely important, and these apps give you control
202	control over your vault.	180	over your vault.
203		181
204	#+begin_quote	182	#+begin_quote
205	I use: Bitwarden Families ($40/year) to protect passwords, passkeys, TOTP	183	I use: Bitwarden Families ($40/year) to protect passwords, passkeys, TOTP
	@@ -210,17 +188,20 @@ myself, I would prefer KeePassXC + Syncthing.
210	* Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)	188	* Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
211		189
212	MFA is essential, but relying on SMS codes or untrusted proprietary apps defeats	190	MFA is essential, but relying on SMS codes or untrusted proprietary apps defeats
213	the point. Use open, local, encrypted authenticators where possible.	191	the point. Use open, local, encrypted authenticators where possible. Also, use
		192	passkeys if you can! I prefer passkeys, then TOTP, and then SMS/email, if other
		193	options are not possible.
214		194
215	- [[https://bitwarden.com/products/authenticator/][Bitwarden Authenticator]] - Integrates with the password manager or works	195	- [[https://bitwarden.com/products/authenticator/][Bitwarden Authenticator]] - Integrates with the password manager or works as a
216	standalone. Encrypted backups through Bitwarden.	196	standalone TOTP app. Optional encrypted backups through your Bitwarden
		197	account.
217	- [[https://ente.io/auth/][Ente Auth]] - Open source, end-to-end encrypted TOTP manager. Syncs encrypted	198	- [[https://ente.io/auth/][Ente Auth]] - Open source, end-to-end encrypted TOTP manager. Syncs encrypted
218	via Ente's infrastructure.	199	via Ente's infrastructure.
219	- [[https://www.tofuauth.com/][Tofu]] - Minimal, offline-first TOTP app. No cloud, no telemetry.	200	- [[https://www.tofuauth.com/][Tofu]] - Minimal, offline-first TOTP app. No cloud, no telemetry.
220	- [[https://raivo-otp.com/][Raivo OTP]] - Open source, native iOS app with secure iCloud backups. Clean	201	- [[https://raivo-otp.com/][Raivo OTP]] - Open source, native iOS app with secure iCloud backups. Clean
221	interface.	202	interface.
222	- [[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/otp-auth/id659877384][OTP Auth]] - A longstanding, trusted TOTP manager with encrypted backups and	203	- [[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/otp-auth/id659877384][OTP Auth]] - A longstanding, trusted TOTP manager with encrypted backups and
223	Apple Watch support. Not open source.	204	Apple Watch support. Not open source.
224		205
225	I recommend pairing one of these with strong passwords and a VPN for everyday	206	I recommend pairing one of these with strong passwords and a VPN for everyday
226	security.	207	security.
	@@ -231,9 +212,8 @@ security.
231		212
232	* Notes & Personal Data	213	* Notes & Personal Data
233		214
234	iCloud Notes and Google Keep aren't exactly privacy havens. If you're storing	215	If you're storing sensitive personal notes, account details, or journal entries,
235	sensitive personal notes, account details, or journal entries, opt for	216	opt for encrypted, local-first apps.
236	encrypted, local-first apps.
237		217
238	- [[https://beorgapp.com/][Beorg]] - An Org-mode-compatible outliner and task manager for iOS. Great for	218	- [[https://beorgapp.com/][Beorg]] - An Org-mode-compatible outliner and task manager for iOS. Great for
239	Emacs fans and those managing plaintext files.	219	Emacs fans and those managing plaintext files.
	@@ -248,15 +228,15 @@ These options help decouple your data from major cloud platforms while keeping
248	notes portable and encrypted.	228	notes portable and encrypted.
249		229
250	#+begin_quote	230	#+begin_quote
251	I use: Beorg, since I love org-mode and no longer use markdown.	231	I use: Beorg, since I love org-mode.
252	#+end_quote	232	#+end_quote
253		233
254	* Photos & Media	234	* Photos & Media
255		235
256	Your camera roll quietly feeds metadata and images to iCloud by default. If you	236	If you're using iCloud Photos, your camera roll quietly feeds metadata and
257	want to self-host or encrypt your photo library, here's what works on iOS. At a	237	images to iCloud by default. If you want to self-host or encrypt your photo
258	minimum, I suggest disabling iCloud for the Photos app, so the data stays local	238	library, here's what works on iOS. At a minimum, I suggest disabling iCloud for
259	on your device.	239	the Photos app, so the data stays local on your device.
260		240
261	- [[https://immich.app/][Immich (self-hosted)]] - Open source, feature-rich, self-hosted photo manager	241	- [[https://immich.app/][Immich (self-hosted)]] - Open source, feature-rich, self-hosted photo manager
262	with facial recognition and live photo support. Requires a home server.	242	with facial recognition and live photo support. Requires a home server.
	@@ -290,14 +270,12 @@ require Instant PGP since Migadu's webmail client (SnappyMail) supports PGP.
290		270
291	* News & Social	271	* News & Social
292		272
293	Mainstream news and social apps leak all kinds of usage metadata, even when	273	News and social apps leak all kinds of usage metadata, even when you're just
294	you're just lurking. These tools let you follow content with less exposure.	274	lurking. These tools let you follow content with less exposure.
295		275
296	- [[https://netnewswire.com/][NetNewsWire]] - Free, open source RSS reader for iOS. Follow sites without	276	- [[https://netnewswire.com/][NetNewsWire]] - Free, open source RSS reader for iOS.
297	tracking.	277	- [[https://www.talklittle.com/three-cheers/][ThreeCheers]] - Privacy-friendly Tildes client for iOS.
298	- [[https://www.talklittle.com/three-cheers/][ThreeCheers]] - Privacy-friendly Reddit client for iOS. No official API calls,	278	- [[https://getvoyager.app/][Voyager]] - Clean, independent Lemmy client.
299	built-in filtering.
300	- [[https://getvoyager.app/][Voyager]] - Clean, independent Mastodon client.
301	- [[https://joinmastodon.org/][Mastodon]] - Federated, open source alternative to Twitter.	279	- [[https://joinmastodon.org/][Mastodon]] - Federated, open source alternative to Twitter.
302	- [[https://joinpeertube.org/][PeerTube]] - Decentralized video platform, accessible via web or PWA.	280	- [[https://joinpeertube.org/][PeerTube]] - Decentralized video platform, accessible via web or PWA.
303	- [[https://pixelfed.org/][Pixelfed]] - Federated, open source alternative to Instagram.	281	- [[https://pixelfed.org/][Pixelfed]] - Federated, open source alternative to Instagram.
	@@ -305,17 +283,23 @@ you're just lurking. These tools let you follow content with less exposure.
305	If you're going to be online, at least let it be on your terms.	283	If you're going to be online, at least let it be on your terms.
306		284
307	#+begin_quote	285	#+begin_quote
308	I use: NetNewsWire (via FreshRSS) for RSS feeds, and Voyager for Lemmy. I have	286	I use: NetNewsWire (via FreshRSS) for RSS feeds, Voyager for Lemmy, and Three
309	used all of these apps and they are great, but I am not very active on social	287	Cheers for Tildes. I have used all of these apps and they are great, but I am
310	sites.	288	not very active on social sites.
311	#+end_quote	289	#+end_quote
312		290
313	* Final Thoughts	291	* Final Thoughts
314		292
315	This isn't about paranoia — it's about awareness. Every app you use, every	293	Whether you just want to improve your privacy in small steps or you're
316	service you sign into, quietly collects and trades your data. iOS makes true	294	fashioning a tinfoil hat as we speak, moving to privacy-focused services and
317	anonymity harder than other platforms, but these tools and services give you a	295	apps does two things:
318	fighting chance to keep your personal life personal.	296
		297	1. It protects your privacy by ensuring that your data is being protected
		298	through the many methods mentioned above; and
		299	2. It provides money (for paid apps), support (in terms of download count,
		300	reviews, ratings, etc.), and motivation for the developers and companies
		301	behind these apps that provide a privacy haven for users on iOS.
319		302
320	If you have other privacy-friendly iOS tools you enjoy, [[mailto:hello@cleberg.net][email me]] — I'm always	303	Every app you use, every service you sign into, quietly collects and trades your
321	looking for new things to test.	304	data. iOS makes true anonymity harder than other platforms, but these tools and
		305	services give you a fighting chance to keep your data private.

content/blog/2025-06-27-how-blockchain-works.org deleted −197

	@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
1	#+date: <2025-07-07 Mon 00:00:00>
2	#+title: Blockchain Series #1: How Blockchain Works Under the Hood: Hashes, Keys, and Signatures Explained
3	#+description: Dive into blockchain's cryptographic foundations. Explore how hash functions, Merkle trees, and digital signatures secure distributed, tamper-resistant ledgers.
4	#+slug: how-blockchain-works
5	#+filetags: :blockchain:encryption:
6	#+draft: t
7
8	/This is Part 1 of a series I'm writing on blockchain. Stay tuned for further
9	editions./
10
11	Blockchain is one of those technologies that seems to generate more marketing
12	buzz than real understanding. Everywhere you look, people talk about
13	decentralization, trustless systems, and the next big disruption. But beneath
14	the hype, blockchain systems rely on well-understood cryptographic building
15	blocks to do something very specific: maintain a secure, tamper-resistant ledger
16	without needing a central authority.
17
18	If you're serious about understanding blockchain, it's critical to understand
19	the cryptographic primitives that make it work. Hash functions, digital
20	signatures, and public-key cryptography aren't just jargon—they're the core
21	mechanisms that let a distributed network agree on a shared history no one can
22	easily rewrite.
23
24	This post is Part 1 of a multi-part series on blockchain. Here, we'll focus on
25	these fundamental building blocks—how they work, why they're used, and how they
26	fit together to provide the security and trust that blockchain promises.
27
28	* What is Blockchain?
29
30	At its core, a blockchain is a distributed, append-only ledger shared among
31	participants in a network.
32
33	What does this mean? Essentially, we can think of a standard, non-technical
34	ledger (book of accounts where transactions are recorded against accounts). When
35	introductin the idea of a blockchain, let's extend the idea of a standard ledger
36	and make a few connections:
37
38	- Each block of transactions is connected cryptographically to the block before
39	it, via a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function][cryptographic hash]]. This is what forms a =chain= of blocks, or
40	records.
41	- Each block consists of:
42	- A list of validated transactions
43	- A timestamp
44	- A cryptographic hash of the previous block (ensuring immutability)
45	- Each transaction within a block is initiated between addresses, signed with
46	cryptographic keys, and sent to the blockchain for validation (e.g.,
47	proof-of-work, proof-of-staking, etc.).
48	- The blockchain is shared amongst nodes in the network, who agree on the state
49	of the blockchain through consensus mechanisms.
50
51	As we can see, the decentralized nature and cryptographic linking of
52	transactions and blocks ensures that modifying the history is infeasible.
53
54	If you're more of a visual person, here's a very basic diagram of a standard
55	blockchain structure.
56
57	#+begin_example
58	+------------+ +------------+ +------------+
59	\| Block 1 \| -> \| Block 2 \| -> \| Block 3 \|
60	\|------------\| \|------------\| \|------------\|
61	\| Data \| \| Data \| \| Data \|
62	\| Prev Hash: \| \| Prev Hash: \| \| Prev Hash: \|
63	\| 00000000 \| \| <hash1> \| \| <hash2> \|
64	\| Hash: \| \| Hash: \| \| Hash: \|
65	\| <hash1> \| \| <hash2> \| \| <hash3> \|
66	+------------+ +------------+ +------------+
67	#+end_example
68
69	* What Problems is Blockchain Trying to Solve?
70
71	I will be diving into the technical details of blockchains later in this post,
72	but what exactly is the reason blockchain exists?
73
74	You may know of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, but that is only one of many
75	use cases for blockchains.
76
77	As we learned in the section above, a blockchain can be equated to a ledger.
78	With this in mind, let's dive into a few interesting use cases:
79
80	** Immutable record-keeping
81
82	If you simply need a ledger that cannot be modified easily and can establish a
83	decentralized network to support that, blockchain is a great technology.
84
85	** Trust without central authority
86
87	The use of a decentralized system means that we do not need to rely on a
88	centralized authority (e.g., Social Security, a bank, etc.) to store and provide
89	access to information you need to record.
90
91	Think of the US Social Security Number (SSN) system. Each time you want to
92	perform actions that require verifying your identify (e.g., opening bank
93	accounts, investment accounts, child birth, etc.), you are currently required to
94	provide your SSN.
95
96	However, this is a singular number - which means that if someone learns it, they
97	can (essentially) now act as you.
98
99	Now imagine a scenario where the SSN system is a blockchain where you have both
100	your private key for providing evidence to people that you are you. For example,
101	you open a bank account and sign your form with your private key. Now, the bank
102	can take that and use your public key to decrypt the message and verify that you
103	are you, without needing to know your private key.
104
105	Another scenario is that, during a background check, a company could use your
106	public key and consult the related blockchain to validate specific pieces of
107	information. For example, if your identity alone is in one block, you could
108	provide that information to your employer without providing your full SSN and
109	all related personal information for as long as they keep your SSN on file.
110
111	** Double-spending problem
112
113	With the introduction of digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies and
114	non-fungible tokens, a new risk is introduced: without control, these assets
115	could be copied and reused at-will.
116
117	To solve this problem, digital assets are transacted on a blockchain to ensure
118	that the decentralized system of nodes provide consensus on validating
119	transactions, transactions are recorded in a transparent and tamper-resistant
120	manner, and cryptographic functions are performed to order the transactions
121	logically on chain.
122
123	* The Role of Cryptography in Blockchain
124	- Why cryptography matters
125	- Confidentiality vs. integrity/authenticity
126	- Core goals:
127	- Tamper-evidence
128	- Secure identification
129	- Non-repudiation
130
131	* Hash Functions
132	- What is a cryptographic hash?
133	- Properties:
134	- Collision resistance
135	- Pre-image resistance
136	- How blockchain uses hashes:
137	- Chaining blocks together
138	- Block headers
139	- Transactions
140	- Example command:
141	#+begin_src bash
142	echo -n "Hello, Blockchain" \| sha256sum
143	#+end_src
144	- Optional diagram: chain of blocks with hashes
145
146	* Merkle Trees
147	- Summarizing many transactions in a single root hash
148	- Use case: efficient inclusion proofs
149	- Example diagram (ASCII art if desired)
150	- Why Merkle roots are in block headers
151
152	* Public Key Cryptography
153	- Quick refresher
154	- Public/private keypairs
155	- Addresses derived from public keys
156	- Importance of keeping private keys secret
157
158	* Digital Signatures
159	- Purpose: proving authorship without revealing private key
160	- Mention ECDSA / EdDSA
161	- How transactions are signed
162	- Example snippet:
163	#+begin_example
164	Alice signs transaction with her private key
165	→ Anyone can verify with her public key
166	#+end_example
167	- Why signatures prevent forgery
168
169	* Bringing it All Together: Blockchain Data Structures
170	- Block structure:
171	- Block header with previous block's hash
172	- Merkle root
173	- Timestamp, nonce
174	- How the chain ensures immutability
175	- Example flow:
176	1. User creates a transaction
177	2. Signs it
178	3. Transaction included in block
179	4. Block hash links to previous block
180
181	* Proof of Work (Optional)
182	- Hash puzzles to add blocks
183	- Why it's hard to modify history
184	- Keep this section simple
185
186	* Conclusion
187	- Summarize how these primitives work together
188	- Tease next post: "Next, we'll explore security threats and how blockchain
189	networks mitigate them."
190	- Optional links to further reading:
191	- Bitcoin whitepaper
192	- Ethereum docs
193	- Cryptography references
194
195	* Optional Extras
196	- Glossary box with terms (hash, signature, Merkle tree)
197	- External references (e.g., NIST docs on hashes)

publish.el +9

	@@ -93,6 +93,15 @@
93	:output ".build/now/{{ slug }}.html"	93	:output ".build/now/{{ slug }}.html"
94	:url "/now/{{ slug }}.html")	94	:url "/now/{{ slug }}.html")
95		95
		96	;; About page route
		97	(weblorg-route
		98	:name "about"
		99	:input-pattern "content/about/*.org"
		100	:template "page.html"
		101	:output ".build/about/{{ slug }}.html"
		102	:url "/about/{{ slug }}.html")
		103
		104
96	;; RSS feed route	105	;; RSS feed route
97	(weblorg-route	106	(weblorg-route
98	:name "rss"	107	:name "rss"

theme/static/styles.css +12 −341

	@@ -1,318 +1,5 @@
1	/! normalize.css v8.0.1 \| MIT License \| github.com/necolas/normalize.css /	1	/! normalize.css v8.0.1 \| MIT License \| github.com/necolas/normalize.css /
2		2	html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible}a{background-color:transparent}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline dotted}b,strong{font-weight:bolder}small{font-size:80%}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}sub{bottom:-0.25em}sup{top:-0.5em}button,input,optgroup,select,textarea{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type="button"],[type="reset"],[type="submit"],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner,button::-moz-focus-inner{border-style:none;padding:0}[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring,button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}fieldset{padding:0.35em 0.75em 0.625em}legend{box-sizing:border-box;color:inherit;display:table;max-width:100%;padding:0;white-space:normal}progress{vertical-align:baseline}textarea{overflow:auto}[type="checkbox"],[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button{height:auto}[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none}::-webkit-file-upload-button{-webkit-appearance:button;font:inherit}template{display:none}[hidden]{display:none}
3	/* Document
4	========================================================================== */
5
6	/**
7	* 1. Correct the line height in all browsers.
8	* 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS.
9	*/
10
11	html {
12	line-height: 1.15;
13	/* 1 */
14	-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
15	/* 2 */
16	}
17
18	/* Sections
19	========================================================================== */
20
21	/**
22	* Render the `main` element consistently in IE.
23	*/
24
25	main {
26	display: block;
27	}
28
29	/**
30	* Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and
31	* `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.
32	*/
33
34	h1 {
35	font-size: 2em;
36	margin: 0.67em 0;
37	}
38
39	/* Grouping content
40	========================================================================== */
41
42	/**
43	* 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox.
44	* 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE.
45	*/
46
47	hr {
48	box-sizing: content-box;
49	/* 1 */
50	height: 0;
51	/* 1 */
52	overflow: visible;
53	/* 2 */
54	}
55
56	/* Text-level semantics
57	========================================================================== */
58
59	/**
60	* Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10.
61	*/
62
63	a {
64	background-color: transparent;
65	}
66
67	/**
68	* 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57-
69	* 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari.
70	*/
71
72	abbr[title] {
73	border-bottom: none;
74	/* 1 */
75	text-decoration: underline;
76	/* 2 */
77	text-decoration: underline dotted;
78	/* 2 */
79	}
80
81	/**
82	* Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari.
83	*/
84
85	b,
86	strong {
87	font-weight: bolder;
88	}
89
90	/**
91	* Add the correct font size in all browsers.
92	*/
93
94	small {
95	font-size: 80%;
96	}
97
98	/**
99	* Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in
100	* all browsers.
101	*/
102
103	sub,
104	sup {
105	font-size: 75%;
106	line-height: 0;
107	position: relative;
108	vertical-align: baseline;
109	}
110
111	sub {
112	bottom: -0.25em;
113	}
114
115	sup {
116	top: -0.5em;
117	}
118
119	/* Forms
120	========================================================================== */
121
122	/**
123	* 1. Change the font styles in all browsers.
124	* 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari.
125	*/
126
127	button,
128	input,
129	optgroup,
130	select,
131	textarea {
132	font-family: inherit;
133	/* 1 */
134	font-size: 100%;
135	/* 1 */
136	line-height: 1.15;
137	/* 1 */
138	margin: 0;
139	/* 2 */
140	}
141
142	/**
143	* Show the overflow in IE.
144	* 1. Show the overflow in Edge.
145	*/
146
147	button,
148	input {
149	/* 1 */
150	overflow: visible;
151	}
152
153	/**
154	* Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE.
155	* 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox.
156	*/
157
158	button,
159	select {
160	/* 1 */
161	text-transform: none;
162	}
163
164	/**
165	* Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.
166	*/
167
168	button,
169	[type="button"],
170	[type="reset"],
171	[type="submit"] {
172	-webkit-appearance: button;
173	}
174
175	/**
176	* Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox.
177	*/
178
179	button::-moz-focus-inner,
180	[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,
181	[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,
182	[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner {
183	border-style: none;
184	padding: 0;
185	}
186
187	/**
188	* Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule.
189	*/
190
191	button:-moz-focusring,
192	[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,
193	[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,
194	[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring {
195	outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;
196	}
197
198	/**
199	* Correct the padding in Firefox.
200	*/
201
202	fieldset {
203	padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;
204	}
205
206	/**
207	* 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE.
208	* 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE.
209	* 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out
210	* `fieldset` elements in all browsers.
211	*/
212
213	legend {
214	box-sizing: border-box;
215	/* 1 */
216	color: inherit;
217	/* 2 */
218	display: table;
219	/* 1 */
220	max-width: 100%;
221	/* 1 */
222	padding: 0;
223	/* 3 */
224	white-space: normal;
225	/* 1 */
226	}
227
228	/**
229	* Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera.
230	*/
231
232	progress {
233	vertical-align: baseline;
234	}
235
236	/**
237	* Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+.
238	*/
239
240	textarea {
241	overflow: auto;
242	}
243
244	/**
245	* 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10.
246	* 2. Remove the padding in IE 10.
247	*/
248
249	[type="checkbox"],
250	[type="radio"] {
251	box-sizing: border-box;
252	/* 1 */
253	padding: 0;
254	/* 2 */
255	}
256
257	/**
258	* Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome.
259	*/
260
261	[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
262	[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
263	height: auto;
264	}
265
266	/**
267	* 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari.
268	* 2. Correct the outline style in Safari.
269	*/
270
271	[type="search"] {
272	-webkit-appearance: textfield;
273	/* 1 */
274	outline-offset: -2px;
275	/* 2 */
276	}
277
278	/**
279	* Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS.
280	*/
281
282	[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
283	-webkit-appearance: none;
284	}
285
286	/**
287	* 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari.
288	* 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari.
289	*/
290
291	::-webkit-file-upload-button {
292	-webkit-appearance: button;
293	/* 1 */
294	font: inherit;
295	/* 2 */
296	}
297
298	/* Misc
299	========================================================================== */
300
301	/**
302	* Add the correct display in IE 10+.
303	*/
304
305	template {
306	display: none;
307	}
308
309	/**
310	* Add the correct display in IE 10.
311	*/
312
313	[hidden] {
314	display: none;
315	}
316		3
317	/* CUSTOM CSS */	4	/* CUSTOM CSS */
318	:root {	5	:root {
	@@ -340,7 +27,7 @@ body {
340	Liberation Mono,	27	Liberation Mono,
341	Lucida Console,	28	Lucida Console,
342	monospace;	29	monospace;
343	font-size: clamp(0.95rem, 1vw + 0.5rem, 1.1rem);	30	font-size: 1rem;
344	line-height: 1.5;	31	line-height: 1.5;
345	max-width: 50em;	32	max-width: 50em;
346	margin: 0 auto;	33	margin: 0 auto;
	@@ -353,17 +40,12 @@ body {
353	}	40	}
354	}	41	}
355		42
356	main>+ {
357	margin-top: 2rem;
358	}
359
360	.site-nav,	43	.site-nav,
361	footer {	44	footer {
362	border-color: var(--fg);	45	border-color: var(--fg);
363	}	46	}
364		47
365	footer {	48	footer {
366	/* border-top: 1px dotted; */
367	padding-top: 1rem;	49	padding-top: 1rem;
368	margin: 1rem 0;	50	margin: 1rem 0;
369	}	51	}
	@@ -376,10 +58,6 @@ ul {
376	list-style-type: "- ";	58	list-style-type: "- ";
377	}	59	}
378		60
379	/* .site-nav {
380	border-bottom: 1px dotted;
381	} */
382
383	.site-nav ul {	61	.site-nav ul {
384	list-style-type: none;	62	list-style-type: none;
385	display: flex;	63	display: flex;
	@@ -396,31 +74,25 @@ h2,
396	h3,	74	h3,
397	h4 {	75	h4 {
398	color: var(--fg);	76	color: var(--fg);
399	text-transform: uppercase;
400	}	77	}
401		78
402	h1 {	79	h1 {
403	font-size: 2rem;	80	font-size: 1.5rem;
404	font-weight: bold;	81	font-weight: bold;
405	/* border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); */	82	margin-top: 1rem;
406	margin-top: 2rem;	83	margin-bottom: 0.75rem;
407	margin-bottom: 1rem;
408	}	84	}
409		85
410	h2 {	86	h2 {
411	font-size: 1.5rem;
412	margin-top: 1.5rem;
413	margin-bottom: .75rem;
414	}
415
416	h3 {
417	font-size: 1.25rem;	87	font-size: 1.25rem;
418	margin-top: 1.25rem;	88	margin-top: 1rem;
419	margin-bottom: .5rem;	89	margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
420	}	90	}
421		91
422	#text-table-of-contents li {	92	h3 {
423	text-transform: uppercase;	93	font-size: 1rem;
		94	margin-top: 1rem;
		95	margin-bottom: 0.25rem;
424	}	96	}
425		97
426	a,	98	a,
	@@ -481,7 +153,7 @@ code {
481	Liberation Mono,	153	Liberation Mono,
482	Lucida Console,	154	Lucida Console,
483	monospace;	155	monospace;
484	font-size: inherit;	156	font-size: 0.9rem;
485	}	157	}
486		158
487	pre {	159	pre {
	@@ -537,7 +209,6 @@ blockquote p {
537		209
538	.post-metadata {	210	.post-metadata {
539	border: 1px dotted var(--border);	211	border: 1px dotted var(--border);
540	/* border-top: none; */
541	padding: 1rem;	212	padding: 1rem;
542	}	213	}
543		214

theme/templates/base.html +5 −4

 	<nav class="site-nav" aria-label="site-nav" role="navigation">
 		<ul>
 			<li><a href="/">Home</a></li>
+            <li><a href="/about/">About</a></li>
 			<li><a href="/blog/">Blog</a></li>
 			<li><a href="/services/">Services</a></li>
 			<li><a href="/wiki/">Wiki</a></li>
 	</nav>
     <main id="main">{% block main %}{% endblock %}</main>
 	<footer>
-        <p>Donate: <a href="ethereum:0x7850b2Fe6be94f90F54A099C74126430C9CeB19e">ETH</a>
+        <p><a href="ethereum:0x7850b2Fe6be94f90F54A099C74126430C9CeB19e">ETH</a>
         | <a href="bitcoin:bc1qy74tcth6zwg88059ae9z3ghzk797fkav7zdx4k">BTC</a>
         | <a href="xrp:rJz78ahN1KmushjYjEnFd8CB5vCcreJ1EE">XRP</a>
         </p>
-        <p>Last build: &lt;<time datetime="{{ now() | strftime("%Y-%m-%d") }}">{{ now() | strftime("%Y-%m-%d %a %H:%M:%S") }}</time>&gt;</p>
+        <p>&lt;<time datetime="{{ now() | strftime("%Y-%m-%d") }}">{{ now() | strftime("%Y-%m-%d %a %H:%M:%S") }}</time>&gt;</p>
 		<p>
             <a href="https://stats.uptimerobot.com/OwOWs7HU0z">Status</a> &middot;
 			<a href="https://git.sr.ht/~cxc/cleberg.net" target="_blank"
-			rel="noopener">Source Code</a> &middot;
+			rel="noopener">Source</a> &middot;
-			<a href="/feed.xml">RSS Feed</a> &middot;
+			<a href="/feed.xml">RSS</a> &middot;
             <a href="/.well-known/security.txt">security.txt</a>
 		</p>
         <p>

theme/templates/blog.html +2 −1

 main %}
 <h1>Blog</h1>
 <p>
-	Use <code>⌘ + f</code> (<code>Ctrl + f</code>) to search blog post titles for
+	Use <code>⌘ + f</code> (<code>Ctrl + f</code>) to search for
 	keywords.
 </p>
 <p>
 	You can also add the <a href="/feed.xml">RSS Feed</a> to your feed reader.
 </p>
+<br>
 {% for post in posts %}
 <div class="post">
 	<time datetime='{{ post.date | strftime("%Y-%m-%d") }}'

theme/templates/index.html +4 −15

 {% extends "base.html" %} {% block main %}
 <section>
-	<h1><i>~cleberg.net</i></h1>
+	<h1><i>~cmc</i></h1>
 	<pre>pub   rsa4096 2022-11-16 [SC]
       <a href="/gpg.txt">3917 973F B159 BBB8 6194 5385 6945 1A51 7AC0 CB37</a>
 uid           [ultimate] Christian Cleberg &lt;hello@cleberg.net&gt;
 sub   rsa4096 2022-11-16 [E]</pre>
 </section>
 <section>
-	<h2>Recent Blog Posts</h2>
+	<h2>Blog Posts</h2>
 	<!-- BEGIN_POSTS -->
 	<!-- END_POSTS -->
-	<br>
 	<a href="/blog/">All Posts →</a>
 </section>
 <section>
 	<h2>Everything Else</h2>
 	<ul>
+		<li><a href="/about/">About</a></li>
 		<li><a href="https://cv.cleberg.net">Curriculum Vitae</a></li>
 		<li><a href="/now/">Now</a></li>
 		<li><a href="/salary/">Salary</a></li>
 	</ul>
 </section>
-<section>
-	<h2>Contact</h2>
-	<ul>
-		<li><a href="mailto:hello@cleberg.net">hello@cleberg.net</a> (<a href="https://cleberg.net/gpg.txt">GPG</a>)</li>
-		<li><a href="https://lemmy.cleberg.net/u/cmc">@cmc</a> on Lemmy</li>
-		<li><a href="https://matrix.to/#/@cmc.:matrix.org">@cmc.:matrix.org</a> on Matrix</li>
-		<li>@cmc.01 on <a href="https://signal.org/">Signal</a></li>
-		<li><a href="https://sr.ht/~cxc">~cxc</a> on Sourcehut</li>
-	</ul>
-</section>
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 		<span class="p-name">Christian Cleberg</span>

Commit b021de29f4

Commit `b021de29f4`