Commit `b0a4ffee6e`

b0a4ffee6e78d8348c65642dc91be3cdcfcf4c78

parent: 7f96d43a4e

Unsigned

cmc <hello@cleberg.net> · 2026-10-18 10:03 UTC

v2: Library additions (timeline, rockets, exoplanets) (!27)

Adds an exploration timeline, a rockets-to-scale lineup, exoplanet and rocket drawings, and two new Library sections: 25 exoplanets and 20 rockets (370 pages total).

* Checks
- =swift test --filter LibraryTests= passes.
- =scripts/check-library.py=: 1,745 URLs, 0 problems. Launch Library 2 URLs are skipped; Rocket Lab, Blue Origin and JPL press-kit pages block scripts and were checked in a browser.

* Review notes: exoplanets
- Recent archive values used: 51 Peg b mass (Cont 2026), Beta Pic b (Sutlieff 2026), TOI-700 d radius (Pass 2026).
- 55 Cnc and HR 8799 spectral types differ between sources; archive values used.
- Image credits include outside contributors: Nick Risinger (51 Peg b), spaceengine.org (LHS 1140 b), SETI Institute (Kepler-186f).
- Kepler-186f, Kepler-452b and TOI-700 d show mass as "Not measured".
- HR 8799 e image is Webb weic2504a.
- 2M1207 b has no orbitAU in its drawing.

* Review notes: rockets
- No image: R-7, N1, Proton-M, Long March 5, New Glenn, Electron, H3.
- Ariane 6 image is a CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO media-kit cover with text; Starship image shows only the plume from the ISS; PSLV image is credited to NASA but may be ISRO's.
- Values from Launch Library 2 only: Long March 5 specs, Soyuz-2 height/mass/LEO payload, Delta IV Heavy payloads, R-7 diameter.
- R-7 height of 38 m is a lower bound.
- Counts as of 2026-10-18: Falcon 9 697 flights, 4 failures; Starship 14 flights, 9 successes; Saturn V 12 of 13.
- Proton-M is marked active though it rarely flies.

Layout: unified · split

App/Sources/LibraryScreen.swift +12

	@@ -12,6 +12,18 @@ struct LibraryScreen: View {
12	NavigationStack {	12	NavigationStack {
13	List {	13	List {
14	if query.isEmpty {	14	if query.isEmpty {
		15	Section {
		16	NavigationLink("Timeline of exploration") { ExplorationTimeline() }
		17	.listRowBackground(pageBackground)
		18	if !Library.pages(in: .rockets).isEmpty {
		19	NavigationLink("Rockets to scale") {
		20	ScrollView { RocketLineup(highlight: nil, ink: ink, accent: accent).frame(height: 420).padding(.vertical, 20) }
		21	.background(Color.black.ignoresSafeArea())
		22	.navigationTitle("Rockets to scale")
		23	}
		24	.listRowBackground(pageBackground)
		25	}
		26	}
15	ForEach(LibrarySection.allCases) { section in	27	ForEach(LibrarySection.allCases) { section in
16	let pages = Library.pages(in: section)	28	let pages = Library.pages(in: section)
17	if !pages.isEmpty {	29	if !pages.isEmpty {

App/Sources/PageDrawing.swift +55

	@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ struct PageDrawing: View {
17	case "star": star	17	case "star": star
18	case "deep-sky": deepSky	18	case "deep-sky": deepSky
19	case "mission": mission	19	case "mission": mission
		20	case "exoplanet": exoplanet
		21	case "rocket": RocketLineup(highlight: page.id, ink: ink, accent: accent).frame(height: 260)
20	default: EmptyView()	22	default: EmptyView()
21	}	23	}
22	}	24	}
	@@ -158,6 +160,59 @@ struct PageDrawing: View {
158	.accessibilityLabel("\(page.title) apparent size compared with the full Moon")	160	.accessibilityLabel("\(page.title) apparent size compared with the full Moon")
159	}	161	}
160		162
		163	// MARK: Exoplanets
		164
		165	/// The planet beside Earth and Jupiter to scale, and its orbit beside Mercury's and Earth's.
		166	private var exoplanet: some View {
		167	let d = page.drawing!
		168	let star = starColor(d.starTempK)
		169	return HStack(alignment: .bottom, spacing: 24) {
		170	if let r = d.radiusEarth {
		171	Canvas { context, size in
		172	let maxR = max(r, 11.2)
		173	let scale = (size.height - 22) / (2 * maxR)
		174	let bodies: [(String, Double, Color)] = [("Earth", 1, Color(red: 0.35, green: 0.6, blue: 0.95)), (page.title, r, ink), ("Jupiter", 11.2, Color(red: 0.85, green: 0.72, blue: 0.55))]
		175	var x = 8.0
		176	for (name, radius, color) in bodies.sorted(by: { $0.1 < $1.1 }) {
		177	let rr = max(radius * scale, 1.5)
		178	let c = CGPoint(x: x + rr, y: size.height - 18 - rr)
		179	context.fill(Path(ellipseIn: CGRect(x: c.x - rr, y: c.y - rr, width: 2 * rr, height: 2 * rr)), with: .color(name == page.title ? accent : color))
		180	context.draw(Text(name).font(.caption2).foregroundStyle(ink.opacity(0.7)), at: CGPoint(x: c.x, y: size.height - 6))
		181	x += 2 * rr + 34
		182	}
		183	}
		184	.frame(height: 140)
		185	.accessibilityLabel("\(page.title), \(String(format: "%.1f", r)) times Earth's radius")
		186	}
		187	if let a = d.orbitAU {
		188	Canvas { context, size in
		189	let c = CGPoint(x: size.width / 2, y: size.height / 2 - 6)
		190	let outer = max(a, 1)
		191	let scale = (min(size.width, size.height) / 2 - 14) / outer
		192	for (name, au) in [("Mercury", 0.387), ("Earth", 1.0)] where au <= outer {
		193	let r = au * scale
		194	context.stroke(Path(ellipseIn: CGRect(x: c.x - r, y: c.y - r, width: 2 * r, height: 2 * r)), with: .color(ink.opacity(0.3)), style: StrokeStyle(lineWidth: 0.6, dash: [2, 3]))
		195	context.draw(Text(name).font(.caption2).foregroundStyle(ink.opacity(0.6)), at: CGPoint(x: c.x, y: c.y - r - 7))
		196	}
		197	let r = a * scale
		198	context.stroke(Path(ellipseIn: CGRect(x: c.x - r, y: c.y - r, width: 2 * r, height: 2 * r)), with: .color(accent), lineWidth: 1)
		199	context.fill(Path(ellipseIn: CGRect(x: c.x - 4, y: c.y - 4, width: 8, height: 8)), with: .color(star))
		200	context.draw(Text(String(format: "%.3g AU", a)).font(.caption2).foregroundStyle(ink), at: CGPoint(x: c.x, y: size.height - 6))
		201	}
		202	.frame(width: 150, height: 150)
		203	.accessibilityLabel("Orbit \(String(format: "%.3g", a)) astronomical units from its star")
		204	}
		205	}
		206	}
		207
		208	private func starColor(_ t: Double?) -> Color {
		209	guard let t else { return ink }
		210	if t < 3700 { return Color(red: 1, green: 0.6, blue: 0.4) }
		211	if t < 5200 { return Color(red: 1, green: 0.8, blue: 0.55) }
		212	if t < 6000 { return Color(red: 1, green: 0.95, blue: 0.8) }
		213	return Color(red: 0.8, green: 0.88, blue: 1)
		214	}
		215
161	// MARK: Missions	216	// MARK: Missions
162		217
163	private var mission: some View {	218	private var mission: some View {

App/Sources/RocketLineup.swift added +42

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
	1	import Library
	2	import SwiftUI
	3
	4	/// Every rocket in the Library drawn side by side at the same scale, tallest last.
	5	struct RocketLineup: View {
	6	var highlight: String?
	7	var ink: Color
	8	var accent: Color
	9
	10	private var rockets: [LibraryPage] {
	11	Library.pages(in: .rockets).filter { $0.drawing?.heightM != nil }.sorted { ($0.drawing?.heightM ?? 0) < ($1.drawing?.heightM ?? 0) }
	12	}
	13
	14	var body: some View {
	15	ScrollView(.horizontal, showsIndicators: false) {
	16	Canvas { context, size in
	17	let tallest = rockets.compactMap(\.drawing?.heightM).max() ?? 1
	18	let scale = (size.height - 36) / tallest
	19	var x = 12.0
	20	for r in rockets {
	21	let h = r.drawing!.heightM! * scale
	22	let w = max((r.drawing?.diameterM ?? 3) * scale, 3)
	23	let rect = CGRect(x: x, y: size.height - 24 - h, width: w, height: h)
	24	let mine = r.id == highlight
	25	var body = Path(roundedRect: rect, cornerRadius: w / 2)
	26	body.addRect(rect.insetBy(dx: 0, dy: w / 2))
	27	context.fill(body, with: .color(mine ? accent : ink.opacity(0.55)))
	28	context.draw(Text(String(format: "%.0f m", r.drawing!.heightM!)).font(.caption2).foregroundStyle(ink.opacity(0.7)), at: CGPoint(x: x + w / 2, y: rect.minY - 8))
	29	context.draw(Text(r.title).font(.caption2).foregroundStyle(mine ? accent : ink.opacity(0.8)), at: CGPoint(x: x + w / 2, y: size.height - 10))
	30	x += max(w, 64) + 10
	31	}
	32	var ground = Path()
	33	ground.move(to: CGPoint(x: 0, y: size.height - 24))
	34	ground.addLine(to: CGPoint(x: size.width, y: size.height - 24))
	35	context.stroke(ground, with: .color(ink.opacity(0.4)), lineWidth: 0.5)
	36	}
	37	.frame(width: CGFloat(rockets.count) * 74 + 24)
	38	}
	39	.accessibilityElement()
	40	.accessibilityLabel("Rockets to scale: " + rockets.map { "\($0.title) \(Int($0.drawing!.heightM!)) metres" }.joined(separator: ", "))
	41	}
	42	}

App/Sources/TimelineScreen.swift added +51

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
	1	import Library
	2	import SwiftUI
	3
	4	/// Missions in the Library by launch year, from Sputnik to today.
	5	struct ExplorationTimeline: View {
	6	@State private var selected: LibraryPage?
	7	private let ink = Color(red: 0.95, green: 0.95, blue: 0.93)
	8	private let accent = Color(red: 0.88, green: 0.24, blue: 0.19)
	9
	10	private var decades: [(Int, [LibraryPage])] {
	11	let missions = Library.pages(in: .missions).filter { $0.drawing?.launch != nil }.sorted { $0.drawing!.launch! < $1.drawing!.launch! }
	12	let grouped = Dictionary(grouping: missions) { (Int($0.drawing!.launch!.prefix(4)) ?? 0) / 10 * 10 }
	13	return grouped.keys.sorted().map { ($0, grouped[$0]!) }
	14	}
	15
	16	var body: some View {
	17	List {
	18	ForEach(decades, id: \.0) { decade, missions in
	19	Section("\(String(decade))s") {
	20	ForEach(missions) { m in
	21	Button { selected = m } label: { row(m) }
	22	.buttonStyle(.plain)
	23	.listRowBackground(Color.black)
	24	}
	25	}
	26	}
	27	}
	28	.listStyle(.plain)
	29	.scrollContentBackground(.hidden)
	30	.background(Color.black.ignoresSafeArea())
	31	.navigationTitle("Timeline")
	32	.foregroundStyle(ink)
	33	.sheet(item: $selected) { page in NavigationStack { LibraryPageView(page: page) } }
	34	}
	35
	36	private func row(_ m: LibraryPage) -> some View {
	37	let year = String(m.drawing?.launch?.prefix(4) ?? "")
	38	let active = m.drawing?.status == "active"
	39	return HStack(alignment: .firstTextBaseline, spacing: 12) {
	40	Text(year).font(.footnote.monospacedDigit()).dimmed(0.7)
	41	VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 2) {
	42	Text(m.title).font(.body)
	43	Text(m.subtitle).font(.footnote).dimmed(0.7)
	44	}
	45	Spacer()
	46	if active {
	47	Circle().fill(accent).frame(width: 7, height: 7).accessibilityLabel("Active")
	48	}
	49	}
	50	}
	51	}

Packages/MoonriseKit/Sources/Library/Library.swift +8 −1

         public var sizeArcmin: Double?
         public var status: String?
         public var launch: String?
+        public var radiusEarth: Double?
+        public var orbitAU: Double?
+        public var starTempK: Double?
+        public var heightM: Double?
+        public var diameterM: Double?
     }
     /// What the page describes elsewhere in the app.
 }
 public enum LibrarySection: String, Codable, Sendable, CaseIterable, Identifiable {
-    case sun, planets, dwarfPlanets = "dwarf-planets", moons, constellations, stars, deepSky = "deep-sky", missions
+    case sun, planets, dwarfPlanets = "dwarf-planets", moons, constellations, stars, deepSky = "deep-sky", exoplanets, missions, rockets
     public var id: String { rawValue }
         case .constellations: "Constellations"
         case .stars: "Stars"
         case .deepSky: "Deep sky"
+        case .exoplanets: "Exoplanets"
         case .missions: "Missions"
+        case .rockets: "Rockets"
         }
     }
 }

Packages/MoonriseKit/Sources/Library/Resources/pages/exoplanets.json added +1953

@@ -0,0 +1,1953 @@
	1	[
	2	{
	3	"id": "51-pegasi-b",
	4	"section": "exoplanets",
	5	"title": "51 Pegasi b",
	6	"subtitle": "First planet found around a Sun-like star · 50 light-years",
	7	"facts": [
	8	{
	9	"label": "Host star",
	10	"value": "51 Pegasi, spectral type G5 V",
	11	"source": 0
	12	},
	13	{
	14	"label": "Distance",
	15	"value": "50.4 light-years (15.46 pc)",
	16	"source": 0
	17	},
	18	{
	19	"label": "Discovery",
	20	"value": "1995, radial velocity (Haute-Provence Observatory)",
	21	"source": 0
	22	},
	23	{
	24	"label": "Mass",
	25	"value": "About 0.61 Jupiter masses (about 194 Earth masses)",
	26	"source": 0
	27	},
	28	{
	29	"label": "Orbital period",
	30	"value": "4.231 days",
	31	"source": 0
	32	},
	33	{
	34	"label": "Orbit",
	35	"value": "0.052 AU from its star",
	36	"source": 0
	37	},
	38	{
	39	"label": "Recognition",
	40	"value": "Half of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics, to Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz",
	41	"source": 2
	42	}
	43	],
	44	"essay": "51 Pegasi b was the first planet found orbiting an ordinary Sun-like star. Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced it in 1995 after measuring a regular shift in the star's spectrum as the planet pulled it back and forth every 4.2 days. The discovery earned them half of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics.\n\nThe planet has roughly 60 percent of Jupiter's mass but orbits only 0.052 AU from its star, about one seventh of Mercury's distance from the Sun. No planet in the Solar System is like it. Its discovery showed that giant planets can sit very close to their stars, and 51 Pegasi b became the prototype of the class now called hot Jupiters, which turned out to be common in later surveys.\n\nThe planet does not have a measured radius, because it was found by the radial velocity method rather than by watching it pass in front of its star. In 2015 astronomers using the HARPS spectrograph at ESO's La Silla Observatory detected visible starlight reflected off the planet, the first spectroscopic detection of this kind for an exoplanet. The host star lies about 50 light-years away in the constellation Pegasus.",
	45	"image": {
	46	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso1517a.jpg",
	47	"credit": "ESO/M. Kornmesser/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org)",
	48	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	49	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1517a/",
	50	"caption": "Artist's impression of 51 Pegasi b, a hot Jupiter close to its Sun-like star."
	51	},
	52	"drawing": {
	53	"kind": "exoplanet",
	54	"orbitAU": 0.052,
	55	"starTempK": 5761
	56	},
	57	"link": {},
	58	"sources": [
	59	{
	60	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: 51 Peg b",
	61	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/51%20Peg%20b"
	62	},
	63	{
	64	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: 51 Pegasi b",
	65	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/51-pegasi-b/"
	66	},
	67	{
	68	"title": "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019: summary",
	69	"url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2019/summary/"
	70	},
	71	{
	72	"title": "ESO eso1517: First detection of reflected visible light from 51 Pegasi b",
	73	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1517/"
	74	}
	75	]
	76	},
	77	{
	78	"id": "hd-209458-b",
	79	"section": "exoplanets",
	80	"title": "HD 209458 b",
	81	"subtitle": "Hot Jupiter with an escaping atmosphere · 158 light-years",
	82	"facts": [
	83	{
	84	"label": "Host star",
	85	"value": "HD 209458, spectral type G0 V",
	86	"source": 0
	87	},
	88	{
	89	"label": "Distance",
	90	"value": "157.5 light-years (48.30 pc)",
	91	"source": 0
	92	},
	93	{
	94	"label": "Discovery",
	95	"value": "1999, radial velocity (W. M. Keck Observatory); transits first recorded the same year",
	96	"source": 2
	97	},
	98	{
	99	"label": "Radius",
	100	"value": "1.39 Jupiter radii (15.6 Earth radii)",
	101	"source": 0
	102	},
	103	{
	104	"label": "Mass",
	105	"value": "0.73 Jupiter masses (232 Earth masses)",
	106	"source": 0
	107	},
	108	{
	109	"label": "Orbital period",
	110	"value": "3.525 days",
	111	"source": 0
	112	},
	113	{
	114	"label": "Orbit",
	115	"value": "0.04707 AU from its star",
	116	"source": 1
	117	},
	118	{
	119	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	120	"value": "About 1,450 K (Sing et al. 2016, via the archive)",
	121	"source": 0
	122	}
	123	],
	124	"essay": "HD 209458 b is a hot Jupiter orbiting a G-type star about 158 light-years away. It was found in 1999 from the wobble it causes in its star's motion, and later that year a team led by David Charbonneau recorded two transits, small dips in the star's brightness as the planet crossed its face. Those observations gave the planet's size directly and showed it to be a gas giant somewhat larger than Jupiter, with about three quarters of Jupiter's mass.\n\nBecause it transits a bright star, HD 209458 b became the testing ground for studying exoplanet atmospheres. In 2003 a team led by Alfred Vidal-Madjar used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe starlight passing through the planet's outer layers during transit. They found an envelope of hydrogen extending more than 200,000 km from the planet and escaping into space, trailing behind it like a comet's tail.\n\nThe planet orbits its star every 3.5 days at about 0.047 AU, which heats it to an equilibrium temperature of roughly 1,450 K. The researchers who measured the escaping hydrogen suggested that much of the planet may eventually be lost this way, leaving only a dense core.",
	125	"image": {
	126	"url": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic0303a.jpg",
	127	"credit": "European Space Agency, Alfred Vidal-Madjar (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, France) and NASA",
	128	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	129	"page": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic0303a/",
	130	"caption": "Artist's impression of HD 209458 b with hydrogen escaping from its atmosphere and trailing behind the planet."
	131	},
	132	"drawing": {
	133	"kind": "exoplanet",
	134	"radiusEarth": 15.58,
	135	"orbitAU": 0.04707,
	136	"starTempK": 6091
	137	},
	138	"link": {},
	139	"sources": [
	140	{
	141	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: HD 209458 b",
	142	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%20209458%20b"
	143	},
	144	{
	145	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: HD 209458 b",
	146	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/hd-209458-b/"
	147	},
	148	{
	149	"title": "Charbonneau et al. 2000, Detection of planetary transits across a Sun-like star",
	150	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9911436"
	151	},
	152	{
	153	"title": "ESA/Hubble heic0303: European astronomers observe first evaporating planet",
	154	"url": "https://esahubble.org/news/heic0303/"
	155	}
	156	]
	157	},
	158	{
	159	"id": "kepler-22b",
	160	"section": "exoplanets",
	161	"title": "Kepler-22b",
	162	"subtitle": "First Kepler planet confirmed in a habitable zone · 635 light-years",
	163	"facts": [
	164	{
	165	"label": "Host star",
	166	"value": "Kepler-22, spectral type G5 V",
	167	"source": 0
	168	},
	169	{
	170	"label": "Distance",
	171	"value": "634.8 light-years (194.6 pc)",
	172	"source": 0
	173	},
	174	{
	175	"label": "Discovery",
	176	"value": "2011, transit (Kepler)",
	177	"source": 0
	178	},
	179	{
	180	"label": "Radius",
	181	"value": "2.1 Earth radii",
	182	"source": 0
	183	},
	184	{
	185	"label": "Mass",
	186	"value": "Less than 9.1 Earth masses (upper limit, Bonomo et al. 2023)",
	187	"source": 0
	188	},
	189	{
	190	"label": "Orbital period",
	191	"value": "289.9 days",
	192	"source": 0
	193	},
	194	{
	195	"label": "Orbit",
	196	"value": "0.812 AU from its star",
	197	"source": 0
	198	},
	199	{
	200	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	201	"value": "279 K",
	202	"source": 0
	203	}
	204	],
	205	"essay": "Kepler-22b was the first planet that NASA's Kepler mission confirmed in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, the range of orbits where a planet with the right atmosphere could keep liquid water on its surface. The announcement came in December 2011.\n\nThe planet orbits a G-type star about 635 light-years away every 290 days, at 0.81 AU, so its year is not much shorter than Earth's. Its equilibrium temperature, the temperature it would have with no atmosphere and an assumed reflectivity, is about 279 K. Kepler measured its radius at about 2.1 times Earth's from the depth of its transits, which happen once per orbit.\n\nThat size puts Kepler-22b between Earth and Neptune, a range with no counterpart in the Solar System. Its mass has not been pinned down: radial velocity measurements give only an upper limit of about 9 Earth masses. Without a mass, its density is unknown, and it is not possible to say whether it is rocky, rich in water, or wrapped in a thick gas envelope. NASA's description from the time of discovery makes the same point: the planet's composition is not known.",
	206	"image": {
	207	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA14883/PIA14883~large.jpg",
	208	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech/Ames",
	209	"licence": "Public domain",
	210	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA14883",
	211	"caption": "Artist's concept of Kepler-22b, with clouds drawn in its atmosphere."
	212	},
	213	"drawing": {
	214	"kind": "exoplanet",
	215	"radiusEarth": 2.1,
	216	"orbitAU": 0.812,
	217	"starTempK": 5596
	218	},
	219	"link": {},
	220	"sources": [
	221	{
	222	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: Kepler-22 b",
	223	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Kepler-22%20b"
	224	},
	225	{
	226	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Kepler-22b",
	227	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/kepler-22b/"
	228	},
	229	{
	230	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA14883: Closer to Finding an Earth",
	231	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA14883"
	232	}
	233	]
	234	},
	235	{
	236	"id": "kepler-186f",
	237	"section": "exoplanets",
	238	"title": "Kepler-186f",
	239	"subtitle": "Earth-size planet in its star's habitable zone · 580 light-years",
	240	"facts": [
	241	{
	242	"label": "Host star",
	243	"value": "Kepler-186, spectral type M1 (red dwarf)",
	244	"source": 0
	245	},
	246	{
	247	"label": "Distance",
	248	"value": "579 light-years (177.6 pc)",
	249	"source": 0
	250	},
	251	{
	252	"label": "Discovery",
	253	"value": "2014, transit (Kepler)",
	254	"source": 0
	255	},
	256	{
	257	"label": "Radius",
	258	"value": "1.17 Earth radii",
	259	"source": 0
	260	},
	261	{
	262	"label": "Mass",
	263	"value": "Not measured",
	264	"source": 0
	265	},
	266	{
	267	"label": "Orbital period",
	268	"value": "129.9 days",
	269	"source": 0
	270	},
	271	{
	272	"label": "Orbit",
	273	"value": "0.432 AU from its star",
	274	"source": 0
	275	}
	276	],
	277	"essay": "Kepler-186f was the first validated Earth-size planet found orbiting in the habitable zone of another star. It was announced in April 2014 from data collected by NASA's Kepler space telescope, which detected the slight dimming of the star each time the planet passed in front of it.\n\nThe planet is about 17 percent larger than Earth in radius. It is the outermost of five known planets around Kepler-186, a red dwarf of spectral type M1 roughly 580 light-years away. The four inner planets orbit much closer to the star; Kepler-186f completes an orbit every 130 days at 0.43 AU. Because a red dwarf is much cooler and dimmer than the Sun, the planet receives only about a third of the energy that Earth receives from the Sun, yet still lies within the star's habitable zone.\n\nThe star is too faint for radial velocity measurements to determine the planet's mass, so its density and composition are unknown. Earlier studies of planet sizes suggest that a planet this small is likely to be rocky, but that remains an inference rather than a measurement.",
	278	"image": {
	279	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA17999/PIA17999~large.jpg",
	280	"credit": "NASA/Ames/SETI Institute/JPL-Caltech",
	281	"licence": "Public domain",
	282	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA17999",
	283	"caption": "Artist's concept of Kepler-186f, an Earth-size planet in its star's habitable zone."
	284	},
	285	"drawing": {
	286	"kind": "exoplanet",
	287	"radiusEarth": 1.17,
	288	"orbitAU": 0.432,
	289	"starTempK": 3755
	290	},
	291	"link": {},
	292	"sources": [
	293	{
	294	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: Kepler-186 f",
	295	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Kepler-186%20f"
	296	},
	297	{
	298	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Kepler-186f",
	299	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/kepler-186-f/"
	300	},
	301	{
	302	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA17999: Kepler-186f, the First Earth-size Planet in the Habitable Zone",
	303	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA17999"
	304	}
	305	]
	306	},
	307	{
	308	"id": "kepler-452b",
	309	"section": "exoplanets",
	310	"title": "Kepler-452b",
	311	"subtitle": "Near-Earth-size planet around a Sun-like star · 1,800 light-years",
	312	"facts": [
	313	{
	314	"label": "Host star",
	315	"value": "Kepler-452, spectral type G2",
	316	"source": 0
	317	},
	318	{
	319	"label": "Distance",
	320	"value": "About 1,800 light-years (551.7 pc)",
	321	"source": 0
	322	},
	323	{
	324	"label": "Discovery",
	325	"value": "2015, transit (Kepler)",
	326	"source": 0
	327	},
	328	{
	329	"label": "Radius",
	330	"value": "About 1.63 Earth radii",
	331	"source": 0
	332	},
	333	{
	334	"label": "Mass",
	335	"value": "Not measured",
	336	"source": 0
	337	},
	338	{
	339	"label": "Orbital period",
	340	"value": "384.8 days",
	341	"source": 0
	342	},
	343	{
	344	"label": "Orbit",
	345	"value": "1.046 AU from its star",
	346	"source": 0
	347	},
	348	{
	349	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	350	"value": "265 K",
	351	"source": 0
	352	}
	353	],
	354	"essay": "Kepler-452b was announced in July 2015 as the first near-Earth-size planet found in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star. It orbits Kepler-452, a G2 star of about the same temperature as the Sun, roughly 1,800 light-years away.\n\nIts orbit is the most Earth-like on this list: a period of 385 days at 1.05 AU. Its equilibrium temperature is estimated at about 265 K. NASA's Kepler telescope found it through transits, and the depth of those transits gives a radius about 60 percent larger than Earth's, with an uncertainty of roughly 15 percent.\n\nThe host star is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, 1.5 billion years older than the Sun. Stars grow larger, hotter and brighter as they age, so Kepler-452 is a little larger and brighter than the Sun is today. The star is also faint, and the planet's mass has not been measured. Without a mass there is no density, so it is not known whether Kepler-452b is rocky like Earth or has a thick gas envelope. NASA's illustration of the planet shows one possible appearance; whether it has oceans or continents is unknown.",
	355	"image": {
	356	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA19825/PIA19825~large.jpg",
	357	"credit": "NASA/Ames/JPL-Caltech",
	358	"licence": "Public domain",
	359	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA19825",
	360	"caption": "Artist's concept comparing Earth (left) with Kepler-452b, shown as one possible appearance of the planet."
	361	},
	362	"drawing": {
	363	"kind": "exoplanet",
	364	"radiusEarth": 1.63,
	365	"orbitAU": 1.046,
	366	"starTempK": 5757
	367	},
	368	"link": {},
	369	"sources": [
	370	{
	371	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: Kepler-452 b",
	372	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Kepler-452%20b"
	373	},
	374	{
	375	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Kepler-452b",
	376	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/kepler-452-b/"
	377	},
	378	{
	379	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA19825: Earth's Bigger, Older Cousin",
	380	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19825"
	381	}
	382	]
	383	},
	384	{
	385	"id": "proxima-centauri-b",
	386	"section": "exoplanets",
	387	"title": "Proxima Centauri b",
	388	"subtitle": "Closest known exoplanet · 4.2 light-years",
	389	"facts": [
	390	{
	391	"label": "Host star",
	392	"value": "Proxima Centauri, spectral type M5.5 V (red dwarf)",
	393	"source": 0
	394	},
	395	{
	396	"label": "Distance",
	397	"value": "4.24 light-years (1.301 pc)",
	398	"source": 0
	399	},
	400	{
	401	"label": "Discovery",
	402	"value": "2016, radial velocity (European Southern Observatory)",
	403	"source": 0
	404	},
	405	{
	406	"label": "Minimum mass",
	407	"value": "1.06 Earth masses",
	408	"source": 0
	409	},
	410	{
	411	"label": "Orbital period",
	412	"value": "11.18 days",
	413	"source": 0
	414	},
	415	{
	416	"label": "Orbit",
	417	"value": "0.0485 AU from its star",
	418	"source": 0
	419	},
	420	{
	421	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	422	"value": "218 K",
	423	"source": 0
	424	}
	425	],
	426	"essay": "Proxima Centauri b orbits the nearest star to the Sun, the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, 4.2 light-years away. Its discovery was announced in August 2016 by the Pale Red Dot campaign, which monitored the star with the HARPS spectrograph at ESO's La Silla Observatory and other telescopes during the first half of 2016 and detected a regular 11.2-day wobble in its motion.\n\nRadial velocity gives a minimum mass, because the tilt of the orbit is unknown. For Proxima b that minimum is about 1.06 Earth masses, so the planet is probably rocky, but its radius has not been measured. It orbits at about 0.049 AU, much closer than Mercury is to the Sun. Proxima Centauri is so dim that this orbit lies in its habitable zone, with an equilibrium temperature of about 218 K.\n\nWhether the planet is habitable is an open question. Proxima Centauri produces ultraviolet and X-ray flares far more intense than those Earth receives from the Sun, which could strongly affect conditions on the surface. Studies of the planet's possible climates published with the discovery found that liquid water on its surface cannot be ruled out. Proxima Centauri itself is too faint to see without a telescope; it lies near Alpha Centauri in the southern constellation Centaurus.",
	427	"image": {
	428	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso1629a.jpg",
	429	"credit": "ESO/M. Kornmesser",
	430	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	431	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1629a/",
	432	"caption": "Artist's impression of Proxima Centauri b, with the Alpha Centauri pair in the sky beyond Proxima Centauri."
	433	},
	434	"drawing": {
	435	"kind": "exoplanet",
	436	"orbitAU": 0.04848,
	437	"starTempK": 2900
	438	},
	439	"link": {},
	440	"sources": [
	441	{
	442	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: Proxima Cen b",
	443	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Proxima%20Cen%20b"
	444	},
	445	{
	446	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Proxima Centauri b",
	447	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/proxima-centauri-b/"
	448	},
	449	{
	450	"title": "ESO eso1629: Planet found in habitable zone around nearest star",
	451	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1629/"
	452	}
	453	]
	454	},
	455	{
	456	"id": "trappist-1b",
	457	"section": "exoplanets",
	458	"title": "TRAPPIST-1b",
	459	"subtitle": "Innermost of seven rocky planets · 41 light-years",
	460	"facts": [
	461	{
	462	"label": "Host star",
	463	"value": "TRAPPIST-1, spectral type M8.0 V (ultracool dwarf)",
	464	"source": 0
	465	},
	466	{
	467	"label": "Distance",
	468	"value": "40.5 light-years (12.43 pc)",
	469	"source": 0
	470	},
	471	{
	472	"label": "Discovery",
	473	"value": "2016, transit (TRAPPIST telescope, La Silla Observatory)",
	474	"source": 0
	475	},
	476	{
	477	"label": "Radius",
	478	"value": "1.116 Earth radii",
	479	"source": 0
	480	},
	481	{
	482	"label": "Mass",
	483	"value": "1.374 Earth masses",
	484	"source": 0
	485	},
	486	{
	487	"label": "Orbital period",
	488	"value": "1.511 days",
	489	"source": 0
	490	},
	491	{
	492	"label": "Orbit",
	493	"value": "0.01154 AU from its star",
	494	"source": 0
	495	},
	496	{
	497	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	498	"value": "About 400 K (Ducrot et al. 2020, via the archive)",
	499	"source": 0
	500	}
	501	],
	502	"essay": "TRAPPIST-1b is the innermost of seven Earth-size planets orbiting TRAPPIST-1, an ultracool red dwarf about 40 light-years away in Aquarius. It was one of the first three planets found in 2016 by the TRAPPIST telescope at La Silla; the full seven-planet system was reported in 2017.\n\nThe planet is slightly larger and more massive than Earth. Its mass comes from transit-timing variations: the planets tug on one another, shifting the times of their transits by small amounts, and modelling those shifts gives their masses. Combined with the radii, the densities of all seven planets fit a single rocky composition.\n\nTRAPPIST-1b orbits every 1.5 days at about one hundredth of Earth's distance from the Sun and receives about four times as much energy as Earth. In 2023 the James Webb Space Telescope measured its thermal emission at 15 microns with the MIRI instrument by watching the planet pass behind its star. The dayside temperature came out at about 500 K, consistent with a bare rock that absorbs starlight and re-radiates it without redistributing heat. This suggests the planet has no significant atmosphere. It was the first detection of light emitted by an exoplanet as small and cool as the Solar System's rocky planets.",
	503	"image": {
	504	"url": "https://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/screen/weic2309a.jpg",
	505	"credit": "NASA, ESA, CSA, J. Olmsted (STScI), T. P. Greene (NASA Ames), T. Bell (BAERI), E. Ducrot (CEA), P. Lagage (CEA)",
	506	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	507	"page": "https://esawebb.org/images/weic2309a/",
	508	"caption": "Illustration (artist's impression) of TRAPPIST-1b as a dark, airless rocky planet close to its red star."
	509	},
	510	"drawing": {
	511	"kind": "exoplanet",
	512	"radiusEarth": 1.116,
	513	"orbitAU": 0.01154,
	514	"starTempK": 2566
	515	},
	516	"link": {},
	517	"sources": [
	518	{
	519	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: TRAPPIST-1 b",
	520	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/TRAPPIST-1%20b"
	521	},
	522	{
	523	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: TRAPPIST-1 b",
	524	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/trappist-1-b/"
	525	},
	526	{
	527	"title": "ESA/Webb weic2309: Webb measures the temperature of a rocky exoplanet",
	528	"url": "https://esawebb.org/news/weic2309/"
	529	},
	530	{
	531	"title": "Greene et al. 2023, Thermal emission from the Earth-sized exoplanet TRAPPIST-1 b using JWST",
	532	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.14849"
	533	},
	534	{
	535	"title": "Agol et al. 2021, Refining the transit timing and photometric analysis of TRAPPIST-1",
	536	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01074"
	537	}
	538	]
	539	},
	540	{
	541	"id": "trappist-1e",
	542	"section": "exoplanets",
	543	"title": "TRAPPIST-1e",
	544	"subtitle": "Rocky planet in its star's habitable zone · 41 light-years",
	545	"facts": [
	546	{
	547	"label": "Host star",
	548	"value": "TRAPPIST-1, spectral type M8.0 V (ultracool dwarf)",
	549	"source": 0
	550	},
	551	{
	552	"label": "Distance",
	553	"value": "40.5 light-years (12.43 pc)",
	554	"source": 0
	555	},
	556	{
	557	"label": "Discovery",
	558	"value": "2017, transit (Spitzer and ground-based telescopes)",
	559	"source": 0
	560	},
	561	{
	562	"label": "Radius",
	563	"value": "0.920 Earth radii",
	564	"source": 0
	565	},
	566	{
	567	"label": "Mass",
	568	"value": "0.692 Earth masses",
	569	"source": 0
	570	},
	571	{
	572	"label": "Orbital period",
	573	"value": "6.101 days",
	574	"source": 0
	575	},
	576	{
	577	"label": "Orbit",
	578	"value": "0.02925 AU from its star",
	579	"source": 0
	580	},
	581	{
	582	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	583	"value": "About 250 K (Ducrot et al. 2020, via the archive)",
	584	"source": 0
	585	}
	586	],
	587	"essay": "TRAPPIST-1e is the fourth of seven Earth-size planets around TRAPPIST-1, an ultracool red dwarf about 40 light-years away in Aquarius. It was one of the planets reported in 2017 from a campaign with NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes that found the system's full extent.\n\nIt is slightly smaller than Earth, with 92 percent of Earth's radius and about 69 percent of its mass. Both values are known to a few percent. The radius comes from transit depths, and the mass from transit-timing variations caused by the planets' mutual gravity. The resulting density fits a rocky body, slightly less dense than Earth.\n\nTRAPPIST-1e orbits every 6.1 days at 0.029 AU. Because the star is so faint, that close orbit places it in the system's habitable zone, along with planets f and g, and its equilibrium temperature is about 250 K. Like the other planets it is probably tidally locked, with one hemisphere always facing the star, which would give it a large temperature difference between day and night. NASA's 2018 description of the system called TRAPPIST-1e the rockiest of the seven planets, while noting that it could still hold some liquid water.",
	588	"image": {
	589	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA22093/PIA22093~large.jpg",
	590	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	591	"licence": "Public domain",
	592	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA22093",
	593	"caption": "Artist's concept of the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets based on data as of February 2018; TRAPPIST-1e is the fourth from the left."
	594	},
	595	"drawing": {
	596	"kind": "exoplanet",
	597	"radiusEarth": 0.92,
	598	"orbitAU": 0.02925,
	599	"starTempK": 2566
	600	},
	601	"link": {},
	602	"sources": [
	603	{
	604	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: TRAPPIST-1 e",
	605	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/TRAPPIST-1%20e"
	606	},
	607	{
	608	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: TRAPPIST-1 e",
	609	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/trappist-1-e/"
	610	},
	611	{
	612	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA21424: The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Zone",
	613	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21424"
	614	},
	615	{
	616	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA22093: TRAPPIST-1 Planet Lineup - Updated Feb. 2018",
	617	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22093"
	618	},
	619	{
	620	"title": "Agol et al. 2021, Refining the transit timing and photometric analysis of TRAPPIST-1",
	621	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01074"
	622	}
	623	]
	624	},
	625	{
	626	"id": "trappist-1f",
	627	"section": "exoplanets",
	628	"title": "TRAPPIST-1f",
	629	"subtitle": "Cool rocky planet in a seven-planet system · 41 light-years",
	630	"facts": [
	631	{
	632	"label": "Host star",
	633	"value": "TRAPPIST-1, spectral type M8.0 V (ultracool dwarf)",
	634	"source": 0
	635	},
	636	{
	637	"label": "Distance",
	638	"value": "40.5 light-years (12.43 pc)",
	639	"source": 0
	640	},
	641	{
	642	"label": "Discovery",
	643	"value": "2017, transit (Spitzer and ground-based telescopes)",
	644	"source": 0
	645	},
	646	{
	647	"label": "Radius",
	648	"value": "1.045 Earth radii",
	649	"source": 0
	650	},
	651	{
	652	"label": "Mass",
	653	"value": "1.039 Earth masses",
	654	"source": 0
	655	},
	656	{
	657	"label": "Orbital period",
	658	"value": "9.208 days",
	659	"source": 0
	660	},
	661	{
	662	"label": "Orbit",
	663	"value": "0.03849 AU from its star",
	664	"source": 0
	665	},
	666	{
	667	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	668	"value": "About 218 K (Ducrot et al. 2020, via the archive)",
	669	"source": 0
	670	}
	671	],
	672	"essay": "TRAPPIST-1f is the fifth planet out from TRAPPIST-1, an ultracool red dwarf about 40 light-years away in Aquarius. It was reported in 2017 along with planets e, g and h, which brought the known system to seven Earth-size planets, all orbiting closer to their star than Mercury is to the Sun.\n\nIts radius and mass are both within a few percent of Earth's: 1.045 Earth radii and 1.039 Earth masses. These values come from transits observed by Spitzer and other telescopes, and from the small timing shifts in those transits caused by the planets pulling on each other. Analysis of all seven planets shows densities consistent with a rocky composition somewhat lower in iron than Earth, or with an Earth-like interior plus lighter material such as a water layer.\n\nTRAPPIST-1f orbits every 9.2 days at 0.038 AU and lies in the system's habitable zone, with an equilibrium temperature of about 218 K. It is probably tidally locked, keeping one side facing the star. In that case its night side could be frozen while liquid water might exist near the boundary between day and night, if the planet has an atmosphere.",
	673	"image": {
	674	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA21423/PIA21423~large.jpg",
	675	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	676	"licence": "Public domain",
	677	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA21423",
	678	"caption": "Artist's concept of the surface of TRAPPIST-1f, with other planets of the system visible in the sky."
	679	},
	680	"drawing": {
	681	"kind": "exoplanet",
	682	"radiusEarth": 1.045,
	683	"orbitAU": 0.03849,
	684	"starTempK": 2566
	685	},
	686	"link": {},
	687	"sources": [
	688	{
	689	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: TRAPPIST-1 f",
	690	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/TRAPPIST-1%20f"
	691	},
	692	{
	693	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: TRAPPIST-1 f",
	694	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/trappist-1-f/"
	695	},
	696	{
	697	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA21423: Surface of TRAPPIST-1f",
	698	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21423"
	699	},
	700	{
	701	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA21424: The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Zone",
	702	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21424"
	703	},
	704	{
	705	"title": "Agol et al. 2021, Refining the transit timing and photometric analysis of TRAPPIST-1",
	706	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.01074"
	707	}
	708	]
	709	},
	710	{
	711	"id": "lhs-1140-b",
	712	"section": "exoplanets",
	713	"title": "LHS 1140 b",
	714	"subtitle": "Temperate super-Earth or water world · 49 light-years",
	715	"facts": [
	716	{
	717	"label": "Host star",
	718	"value": "LHS 1140, spectral type M4.5 V (red dwarf)",
	719	"source": 0
	720	},
	721	{
	722	"label": "Distance",
	723	"value": "48.9 light-years (14.99 pc)",
	724	"source": 0
	725	},
	726	{
	727	"label": "Discovery",
	728	"value": "2017, transit (MEarth Project)",
	729	"source": 0
	730	},
	731	{
	732	"label": "Radius",
	733	"value": "1.73 Earth radii",
	734	"source": 0
	735	},
	736	{
	737	"label": "Mass",
	738	"value": "5.6 Earth masses",
	739	"source": 0
	740	},
	741	{
	742	"label": "Orbital period",
	743	"value": "24.74 days",
	744	"source": 0
	745	},
	746	{
	747	"label": "Orbit",
	748	"value": "0.0946 AU from its star",
	749	"source": 0
	750	},
	751	{
	752	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	753	"value": "226 K",
	754	"source": 0
	755	}
	756	],
	757	"essay": "LHS 1140 b orbits a faint red dwarf about 49 light-years away in Cetus. It was found in 2017 by the MEarth Project, which watches nearby red dwarfs for transits, and its mass was measured with ESO's HARPS spectrograph. The planet transits its star every 25 days.\n\nAlthough it orbits ten times closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, it receives only about half as much light as Earth because the star is so dim. That places it in the habitable zone, with an equilibrium temperature of about 226 K. ESO's 2017 announcement described it as one of the most promising targets for studying the atmosphere of a temperate rocky planet.\n\nLater measurements revised its properties to 1.73 Earth radii and 5.6 Earth masses. That density is lower than expected for an Earth-like rocky interior. Two explanations fit: a mini-Neptune with a thin hydrogen envelope of about 0.1 percent of its mass, or a water world with roughly 9 to 19 percent of its mass in water. Transmission spectra from the James Webb Space Telescope, published in 2024, ruled out a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. They were strongly affected by bright regions on the star, but showed tentative evidence of a nitrogen-dominated atmosphere, which would point to a planet with a dense atmosphere rather than an airless rock.",
	758	"image": {
	759	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso1712a.jpg",
	760	"credit": "ESO/spaceengine.org",
	761	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	762	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1712a/",
	763	"caption": "Artist's impression of the super-Earth LHS 1140 b orbiting its red dwarf star."
	764	},
	765	"drawing": {
	766	"kind": "exoplanet",
	767	"radiusEarth": 1.73,
	768	"orbitAU": 0.0946,
	769	"starTempK": 3096
	770	},
	771	"link": {},
	772	"sources": [
	773	{
	774	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: LHS 1140 b",
	775	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/LHS%201140%20b"
	776	},
	777	{
	778	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: LHS 1140 b",
	779	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/lhs-1140-b/"
	780	},
	781	{
	782	"title": "ESO eso1712: Newly discovered exoplanet may be best candidate in search for signs of life",
	783	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1712/"
	784	},
	785	{
	786	"title": "Cadieux et al. 2024, Transmission spectroscopy of the habitable zone exoplanet LHS 1140 b with JWST/NIRISS",
	787	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.15136"
	788	}
	789	]
	790	},
	791	{
	792	"id": "k2-18-b",
	793	"section": "exoplanets",
	794	"title": "K2-18 b",
	795	"subtitle": "Sub-Neptune with methane and carbon dioxide · 124 light-years",
	796	"facts": [
	797	{
	798	"label": "Host star",
	799	"value": "K2-18, spectral type M2.5 V (red dwarf)",
	800	"source": 0
	801	},
	802	{
	803	"label": "Distance",
	804	"value": "124 light-years (38.03 pc)",
	805	"source": 0
	806	},
	807	{
	808	"label": "Discovery",
	809	"value": "2015, transit (K2)",
	810	"source": 0
	811	},
	812	{
	813	"label": "Radius",
	814	"value": "2.37 Earth radii",
	815	"source": 0
	816	},
	817	{
	818	"label": "Mass",
	819	"value": "8.92 Earth masses",
	820	"source": 0
	821	},
	822	{
	823	"label": "Orbital period",
	824	"value": "32.94 days",
	825	"source": 0
	826	},
	827	{
	828	"label": "Orbit",
	829	"value": "0.1429 AU from its star",
	830	"source": 0
	831	},
	832	{
	833	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	834	"value": "284 K",
	835	"source": 0
	836	}
	837	],
	838	"essay": "K2-18 b orbits a red dwarf about 124 light-years away in Leo. It was found in 2015 by NASA's K2 mission, the extended phase of the Kepler telescope, and transits its star every 33 days. Its orbit lies in the star's habitable zone, with an equilibrium temperature of about 284 K.\n\nThe planet is a sub-Neptune: 2.4 times Earth's radius and about 9 times its mass. Planets of this size are common around other stars but absent from the Solar System, and their structure is debated. K2-18 b could be a rocky or icy core under a thick hydrogen-rich atmosphere, or it could have a liquid water ocean beneath a thinner hydrogen layer, a type of planet some researchers call Hycean.\n\nIn 2019 a team at University College London analysing Hubble Space Telescope transit data reported water vapour in its atmosphere, the first atmospheric detection for a planet in a habitable zone. In 2023 the James Webb Space Telescope detected methane and carbon dioxide, along with a shortage of ammonia. The Webb team said this pattern supports an ocean beneath a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. The same data gave a possible detection of dimethyl sulfide, a molecule produced on Earth only by life, but the team described that inference as less robust and in need of further validation.",
	839	"image": {
	840	"url": "https://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/screen/weic2321a.jpg",
	841	"credit": "NASA, CSA, ESA, J. Olmstead (STScI), N. Madhusudhan (Cambridge University)",
	842	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	843	"page": "https://esawebb.org/images/weic2321a/",
	844	"caption": "Illustration (artist's impression) of K2-18 b orbiting its red dwarf star."
	845	},
	846	"drawing": {
	847	"kind": "exoplanet",
	848	"radiusEarth": 2.37,
	849	"orbitAU": 0.1429,
	850	"starTempK": 3457
	851	},
	852	"link": {},
	853	"sources": [
	854	{
	855	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: K2-18 b",
	856	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/K2-18%20b"
	857	},
	858	{
	859	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: K2-18 b",
	860	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/k2-18-b/"
	861	},
	862	{
	863	"title": "ESA/Hubble heic1916: Hubble finds water vapour on habitable-zone exoplanet for the first time",
	864	"url": "https://esahubble.org/news/heic1916/"
	865	},
	866	{
	867	"title": "ESA/Webb weic2321: Webb discovers methane, carbon dioxide in atmosphere of K2-18 b",
	868	"url": "https://esawebb.org/news/weic2321/"
	869	}
	870	]
	871	},
	872	{
	873	"id": "wasp-39b",
	874	"section": "exoplanets",
	875	"title": "WASP-39b",
	876	"subtitle": "Hot Saturn where Webb first found carbon dioxide · 700 light-years",
	877	"facts": [
	878	{
	879	"label": "Host star",
	880	"value": "WASP-39, a G-type star",
	881	"source": 1
	882	},
	883	{
	884	"label": "Distance",
	885	"value": "698 light-years (214.0 pc)",
	886	"source": 0
	887	},
	888	{
	889	"label": "Discovery",
	890	"value": "2011, transit (SuperWASP)",
	891	"source": 0
	892	},
	893	{
	894	"label": "Radius",
	895	"value": "1.279 Jupiter radii (14.3 Earth radii)",
	896	"source": 0
	897	},
	898	{
	899	"label": "Mass",
	900	"value": "0.281 Jupiter masses (89 Earth masses)",
	901	"source": 0
	902	},
	903	{
	904	"label": "Orbital period",
	905	"value": "4.055 days",
	906	"source": 0
	907	},
	908	{
	909	"label": "Orbit",
	910	"value": "0.04828 AU from its star",
	911	"source": 0
	912	},
	913	{
	914	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	915	"value": "1,166 K",
	916	"source": 0
	917	}
	918	],
	919	"essay": "WASP-39b is a hot gas giant orbiting a Sun-like G-type star about 700 light-years away. The ground-based SuperWASP survey found it in 2011 from its transits. It has about the mass of Saturn, roughly a quarter of Jupiter's, but a radius 1.3 times Jupiter's, so its density is very low. It orbits every four days at 0.048 AU, and its equilibrium temperature is about 1,170 K.\n\nIts low density and large, puffed-up atmosphere make it a good subject for transmission spectroscopy, in which astronomers compare the starlight filtered through the planet's atmosphere during a transit at many wavelengths. For that reason it was one of the first exoplanets observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.\n\nIn August 2022 the Webb Early Release Science team reported a clear carbon dioxide absorption feature between 4.1 and 4.6 microns in its NIRSpec spectrum: the first unequivocal detection of carbon dioxide in a planet outside the Solar System. Later Webb results on the planet identified water, carbon monoxide, sodium, potassium and sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide is produced by chemical reactions triggered by high-energy light from the star, the first concrete evidence of photochemistry on an exoplanet.",
	920	"image": {
	921	"url": "https://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/screen/weic2213a.jpg",
	922	"credit": "NASA, ESA, CSA, and J. Olmsted (STScI)",
	923	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	924	"page": "https://esawebb.org/images/weic2213a/",
	925	"caption": "Illustration (artist's impression) of WASP-39b and its star."
	926	},
	927	"drawing": {
	928	"kind": "exoplanet",
	929	"radiusEarth": 14.34,
	930	"orbitAU": 0.04828,
	931	"starTempK": 5485
	932	},
	933	"link": {},
	934	"sources": [
	935	{
	936	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: WASP-39 b",
	937	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/WASP-39%20b"
	938	},
	939	{
	940	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: WASP-39 b",
	941	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/wasp-39-b/"
	942	},
	943	{
	944	"title": "ESA/Webb weic2213: Webb detects carbon dioxide in exoplanet atmosphere",
	945	"url": "https://esawebb.org/news/weic2213/"
	946	},
	947	{
	948	"title": "ESA/Webb weic2221: Webb reveals an exoplanet atmosphere as never seen before",
	949	"url": "https://esawebb.org/news/weic2221/"
	950	}
	951	]
	952	},
	953	{
	954	"id": "wasp-12b",
	955	"section": "exoplanets",
	956	"title": "WASP-12b",
	957	"subtitle": "Hot Jupiter with a decaying orbit · 1,390 light-years",
	958	"facts": [
	959	{
	960	"label": "Host star",
	961	"value": "WASP-12, an F-type star",
	962	"source": 1
	963	},
	964	{
	965	"label": "Distance",
	966	"value": "About 1,390 light-years (427.2 pc)",
	967	"source": 0
	968	},
	969	{
	970	"label": "Discovery",
	971	"value": "2008, transit (SuperWASP)",
	972	"source": 0
	973	},
	974	{
	975	"label": "Radius",
	976	"value": "1.97 Jupiter radii (22.0 Earth radii)",
	977	"source": 0
	978	},
	979	{
	980	"label": "Mass",
	981	"value": "About 1.4 Jupiter masses (published values 1.31–1.47)",
	982	"source": 0
	983	},
	984	{
	985	"label": "Orbital period",
	986	"value": "1.091 days (26.2 hours)",
	987	"source": 0
	988	},
	989	{
	990	"label": "Orbit",
	991	"value": "0.0234 AU from its star",
	992	"source": 0
	993	},
	994	{
	995	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	996	"value": "About 2,580 K (Collins et al. 2017, via the archive)",
	997	"source": 0
	998	}
	999	],
	1000	"essay": "WASP-12b is a hot Jupiter about 1,390 light-years away, found in 2008 by the SuperWASP transit survey. It orbits a late F-type star, slightly hotter than the Sun, every 26 hours at only 0.023 AU. It has about 1.4 times Jupiter's mass but nearly twice its radius; its equilibrium temperature is about 2,600 K.\n\nWASP-12b is the first planet whose orbit is known to be shrinking. Since its discovery, the time between transits has been decreasing by about 29 milliseconds per year. Other explanations, such as a slightly elongated orbit that slowly rotates, were tested against new transit, occultation and radial velocity data and ruled out in favour of orbital decay. The planet raises tides on its star, and the energy lost to those tides draws the planet inward. At the current rate, the decay timescale is about 3.25 million years.\n\nIn 2010 a study with the Spitzer Space Telescope reported that the planet's atmosphere has more carbon than oxygen, which would make it the first carbon-rich planet observed. The image here is an artist's concept made for that study.",
	1001	"image": {
	1002	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA13691/PIA13691~large.jpg",
	1003	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	1004	"licence": "Public domain",
	1005	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA13691",
	1006	"caption": "Artist's concept of WASP-12b, an orange gas giant, close to its star."
	1007	},
	1008	"drawing": {
	1009	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1010	"radiusEarth": 22.03,
	1011	"orbitAU": 0.0234,
	1012	"starTempK": 6265
	1013	},
	1014	"link": {},
	1015	"sources": [
	1016	{
	1017	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: WASP-12 b",
	1018	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/WASP-12%20b"
	1019	},
	1020	{
	1021	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: WASP-12 b",
	1022	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/wasp-12-b/"
	1023	},
	1024	{
	1025	"title": "Yee et al. 2020, The orbit of WASP-12b is decaying",
	1026	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.09131"
	1027	},
	1028	{
	1029	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA13691: Hot, Carbon-Rich Planet Artist Concept",
	1030	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA13691"
	1031	}
	1032	]
	1033	},
	1034	{
	1035	"id": "hd-189733-b",
	1036	"section": "exoplanets",
	1037	"title": "HD 189733 b",
	1038	"subtitle": "Deep blue hot Jupiter · 64 light-years",
	1039	"facts": [
	1040	{
	1041	"label": "Host star",
	1042	"value": "HD 189733, spectral type K2 V",
	1043	"source": 0
	1044	},
	1045	{
	1046	"label": "Distance",
	1047	"value": "64.5 light-years (19.76 pc)",
	1048	"source": 0
	1049	},
	1050	{
	1051	"label": "Discovery",
	1052	"value": "2005, radial velocity (Haute-Provence Observatory)",
	1053	"source": 0
	1054	},
	1055	{
	1056	"label": "Radius",
	1057	"value": "1.13 Jupiter radii (12.7 Earth radii)",
	1058	"source": 0
	1059	},
	1060	{
	1061	"label": "Mass",
	1062	"value": "1.13 Jupiter masses (359 Earth masses)",
	1063	"source": 0
	1064	},
	1065	{
	1066	"label": "Orbital period",
	1067	"value": "2.219 days",
	1068	"source": 0
	1069	},
	1070	{
	1071	"label": "Orbit",
	1072	"value": "0.03126 AU from its star",
	1073	"source": 1
	1074	},
	1075	{
	1076	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	1077	"value": "About 1,200 K (Sing et al. 2016, via the archive)",
	1078	"source": 0
	1079	}
	1080	],
	1081	"essay": "HD 189733 b is a hot Jupiter orbiting an orange K-type star about 64 light-years away. It is about the size and mass of Jupiter and orbits every 2.2 days at 0.031 AU. It was found in 2005, and because it transits a nearby, bright star it has become one of the most studied exoplanets.\n\nIn 2013 astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope measured the planet's visible colour for the first time. They observed the system as the planet passed behind its star and found that the total light dropped in blue wavelengths but stayed constant at the other colours they measured. The planet reflects mainly blue light, so it would look deep blue if seen up close. The colour is thought to come from a hazy atmosphere containing silicate particles that scatter blue light, not from an ocean.\n\nIn 2007 infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope produced the first map of temperature variations across an exoplanet, using HD 189733 b. Its atmosphere is above 1,000 °C, with winds estimated at 7,000 km/h, and Hubble observations have shown it to be changeable, with hazes and violent flares from the star.",
	1082	"image": {
	1083	"url": "https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1312a.jpg",
	1084	"credit": "NASA, ESA, M. Kornmesser",
	1085	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	1086	"page": "https://esahubble.org/images/heic1312a/",
	1087	"caption": "Artist's impression of HD 189733 b as a deep blue gas giant next to its star."
	1088	},
	1089	"drawing": {
	1090	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1091	"radiusEarth": 12.67,
	1092	"orbitAU": 0.03126,
	1093	"starTempK": 5052
	1094	},
	1095	"link": {},
	1096	"sources": [
	1097	{
	1098	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: HD 189733 b",
	1099	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HD%20189733%20b"
	1100	},
	1101	{
	1102	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: HD 189733 b",
	1103	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/hd-189733-b/"
	1104	},
	1105	{
	1106	"title": "ESA/Hubble heic1312: Hubble spots azure blue planet",
	1107	"url": "https://esahubble.org/news/heic1312/"
	1108	},
	1109	{
	1110	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA09376: First Map of Alien World",
	1111	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09376"
	1112	}
	1113	]
	1114	},
	1115	{
	1116	"id": "gj-1214-b",
	1117	"section": "exoplanets",
	1118	"title": "GJ 1214 b",
	1119	"subtitle": "Hazy sub-Neptune around a red dwarf · 48 light-years",
	1120	"facts": [
	1121	{
	1122	"label": "Host star",
	1123	"value": "GJ 1214, spectral type M4 V (red dwarf)",
	1124	"source": 0
	1125	},
	1126	{
	1127	"label": "Distance",
	1128	"value": "47.8 light-years (14.64 pc)",
	1129	"source": 0
	1130	},
	1131	{
	1132	"label": "Discovery",
	1133	"value": "2009, transit (MEarth Project)",
	1134	"source": 0
	1135	},
	1136	{
	1137	"label": "Radius",
	1138	"value": "2.733 Earth radii",
	1139	"source": 0
	1140	},
	1141	{
	1142	"label": "Mass",
	1143	"value": "8.41 Earth masses",
	1144	"source": 0
	1145	},
	1146	{
	1147	"label": "Orbital period",
	1148	"value": "1.580 days (37.9 hours)",
	1149	"source": 0
	1150	},
	1151	{
	1152	"label": "Orbit",
	1153	"value": "0.01505 AU from its star",
	1154	"source": 0
	1155	},
	1156	{
	1157	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	1158	"value": "567 K",
	1159	"source": 0
	1160	}
	1161	],
	1162	"essay": "GJ 1214 b orbits a small red dwarf about 48 light-years away. The MEarth Project found it in 2009 through its transits, and radial velocity measurements with ESO's HARPS spectrograph gave its mass. At the time it was only the second super-Earth with both mass and radius measured, and the first in which an atmosphere was inferred from its density.\n\nWith 2.7 times Earth's radius and 8.4 times its mass, it is a sub-Neptune, a type of planet common around other stars but missing from the Solar System. Its density is too low for a purely rocky planet, so it must have a substantial layer of water, a thick atmosphere, or both. Years of transmission spectroscopy found a flat, featureless spectrum, because high-altitude aerosols hide the lower atmosphere.\n\nIn 2023 a team used the James Webb Space Telescope to record a thermal phase curve, following the planet's infrared brightness through a complete orbit. They measured dayside and nightside temperatures of about 553 K and 437 K and found evidence of water absorption on both sides. The planet reflects about half the light that falls on it, and comparison with models points to an atmosphere rich in heavy elements under a thick, highly reflective layer of cloud or haze.",
	1163	"image": {
	1164	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso0950a.jpg",
	1165	"credit": "ESO/L. Calçada",
	1166	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	1167	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0950a/",
	1168	"caption": "Artist's impression of GJ 1214 b passing in front of its red dwarf star."
	1169	},
	1170	"drawing": {
	1171	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1172	"radiusEarth": 2.733,
	1173	"orbitAU": 0.01505,
	1174	"starTempK": 3101
	1175	},
	1176	"link": {},
	1177	"sources": [
	1178	{
	1179	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: GJ 1214 b",
	1180	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/GJ%201214%20b"
	1181	},
	1182	{
	1183	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: GJ 1214 b",
	1184	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-1214-b/"
	1185	},
	1186	{
	1187	"title": "ESO eso0950: Astronomers find world with thick, inhospitable atmosphere and an icy heart",
	1188	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0950/"
	1189	},
	1190	{
	1191	"title": "Kempton et al. 2023, A reflective, metal-rich atmosphere for GJ 1214b from its JWST phase curve",
	1192	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.06240"
	1193	}
	1194	]
	1195	},
	1196	{
	1197	"id": "55-cancri-e",
	1198	"section": "exoplanets",
	1199	"title": "55 Cancri e",
	1200	"subtitle": "Lava world with a possible atmosphere · 41 light-years",
	1201	"facts": [
	1202	{
	1203	"label": "Host star",
	1204	"value": "55 Cancri A, spectral type G8 V",
	1205	"source": 0
	1206	},
	1207	{
	1208	"label": "Distance",
	1209	"value": "41.0 light-years (12.59 pc)",
	1210	"source": 0
	1211	},
	1212	{
	1213	"label": "Discovery",
	1214	"value": "2004, radial velocity (McDonald Observatory); transits found in 2011",
	1215	"source": 2
	1216	},
	1217	{
	1218	"label": "Radius",
	1219	"value": "1.875 Earth radii",
	1220	"source": 0
	1221	},
	1222	{
	1223	"label": "Mass",
	1224	"value": "7.99 Earth masses",
	1225	"source": 0
	1226	},
	1227	{
	1228	"label": "Orbital period",
	1229	"value": "0.7365 days (17.7 hours)",
	1230	"source": 0
	1231	},
	1232	{
	1233	"label": "Orbit",
	1234	"value": "0.01544 AU from its star",
	1235	"source": 0
	1236	},
	1237	{
	1238	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	1239	"value": "About 1,960 K (Demory et al. 2011, via the archive)",
	1240	"source": 0
	1241	}
	1242	],
	1243	"essay": "55 Cancri e is the innermost of five known planets orbiting 55 Cancri A, a Sun-like star about 41 light-years away in Cancer. It was found in 2004 by radial velocity, and in 2011 astronomers discovered that it also transits its star, which gave its radius. It is a super-Earth with 1.9 times Earth's radius and 8 times its mass, a density consistent with a mainly rocky composition.\n\nThe planet orbits its star in under 18 hours at 0.015 AU, about one twenty-fifth of Mercury's distance from the Sun. At that range it is almost certainly tidally locked, and its dayside is hot enough for the surface to be molten. Its equilibrium temperature is about 1,960 K.\n\nWhether a planet this hot can keep an atmosphere was a long-standing question. In 2024 a team led by Renyu Hu of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory used the NIRCam and MIRI instruments on the James Webb Space Telescope to measure the planet's thermal emission from 4 to 12 microns. The dayside was cooler than expected for bare rock, and the spectrum ruled out a thin atmosphere of vaporised rock. A dip in the spectrum between 4 and 5 microns points to an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, which the team thinks is bubbling out of the planet's interior. As of 2024 it is the best evidence for an atmosphere on a rocky exoplanet.",
	1244	"image": {
	1245	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA22069/PIA22069~large.jpg",
	1246	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	1247	"licence": "Public domain",
	1248	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA22069",
	1249	"caption": "Artist's concept of 55 Cancri e with its star, showing a possible atmosphere over a molten surface."
	1250	},
	1251	"drawing": {
	1252	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1253	"radiusEarth": 1.875,
	1254	"orbitAU": 0.01544,
	1255	"starTempK": 5172
	1256	},
	1257	"link": {},
	1258	"sources": [
	1259	{
	1260	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: 55 Cnc e",
	1261	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/55%20Cnc%20e"
	1262	},
	1263	{
	1264	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: 55 Cancri e",
	1265	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/55-cancri-e/"
	1266	},
	1267	{
	1268	"title": "ESA/Webb weic2412: Webb hints at possible atmosphere surrounding rocky exoplanet",
	1269	"url": "https://esawebb.org/news/weic2412/"
	1270	},
	1271	{
	1272	"title": "Hu et al. 2024, A secondary atmosphere on the rocky exoplanet 55 Cancri e",
	1273	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.04744"
	1274	}
	1275	]
	1276	},
	1277	{
	1278	"id": "kepler-16b",
	1279	"section": "exoplanets",
	1280	"title": "Kepler-16b",
	1281	"subtitle": "Planet orbiting two stars · 245 light-years",
	1282	"facts": [
	1283	{
	1284	"label": "Host stars",
	1285	"value": "Kepler-16 A (K dwarf, 0.69 solar masses) and Kepler-16 B (red dwarf, 0.20 solar masses)",
	1286	"source": 2
	1287	},
	1288	{
	1289	"label": "Distance",
	1290	"value": "244.9 light-years (75.09 pc)",
	1291	"source": 0
	1292	},
	1293	{
	1294	"label": "Discovery",
	1295	"value": "2011, transit (Kepler)",
	1296	"source": 0
	1297	},
	1298	{
	1299	"label": "Radius",
	1300	"value": "0.754 Jupiter radii (8.45 Earth radii)",
	1301	"source": 0
	1302	},
	1303	{
	1304	"label": "Mass",
	1305	"value": "0.333 Jupiter masses (106 Earth masses)",
	1306	"source": 0
	1307	},
	1308	{
	1309	"label": "Orbital period",
	1310	"value": "228.8 days",
	1311	"source": 0
	1312	},
	1313	{
	1314	"label": "Orbit",
	1315	"value": "0.7048 AU from the centre of mass of the two stars",
	1316	"source": 0
	1317	}
	1318	],
	1319	"essay": "Kepler-16b was the first planet confirmed to transit a pair of stars. The discovery, announced in 2011 from Kepler space telescope data, showed a planet orbiting both members of an eclipsing binary about 245 light-years away.\n\nThe two stars are a K dwarf with 69 percent of the Sun's mass and a red dwarf with 20 percent. They orbit each other every 41 days on an eccentric path, and from Earth they eclipse one another. The planet circles both stars every 229 days on a nearly circular orbit, 0.70 AU from their centre of mass. It passes in front of each star in turn, so Kepler recorded the stellar eclipses and the planet's transits together.\n\nThat combination fixes the sizes and masses of all three bodies precisely. Kepler-16b has about a third of Jupiter's mass and three quarters of its radius, close to Saturn in both. The orbits of the stars and the planet lie within half a degree of a single plane, which suggests the planet formed in a disc around both stars. The planet is cold and gaseous and is not considered habitable. NASA compared it to Tatooine, the fictional desert planet with two suns.",
	1320	"image": {
	1321	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA14724/PIA14724~large.jpg",
	1322	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	1323	"licence": "Public domain",
	1324	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA14724",
	1325	"caption": "Artist's concept of Kepler-16b with its two host stars."
	1326	},
	1327	"drawing": {
	1328	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1329	"radiusEarth": 8.449,
	1330	"orbitAU": 0.7048,
	1331	"starTempK": 4450
	1332	},
	1333	"link": {},
	1334	"sources": [
	1335	{
	1336	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: Kepler-16 b",
	1337	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Kepler-16%20b"
	1338	},
	1339	{
	1340	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Kepler-16b",
	1341	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/kepler-16b/"
	1342	},
	1343	{
	1344	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA14724: Where the Sun Sets Twice",
	1345	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA14724"
	1346	},
	1347	{
	1348	"title": "Doyle et al. 2011, Kepler-16: A transiting circumbinary planet",
	1349	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.3432"
	1350	}
	1351	]
	1352	},
	1353	{
	1354	"id": "psr-b1257-12-c",
	1355	"section": "exoplanets",
	1356	"title": "PSR B1257+12 c",
	1357	"subtitle": "Pulsar planet among the first exoplanets found · 2,000 light-years",
	1358	"facts": [
	1359	{
	1360	"label": "Host star",
	1361	"value": "PSR B1257+12, a pulsar",
	1362	"source": 1
	1363	},
	1364	{
	1365	"label": "Distance",
	1366	"value": "About 2,000 light-years (600 pc)",
	1367	"source": 0
	1368	},
	1369	{
	1370	"label": "Discovery",
	1371	"value": "1992, pulsar timing (Arecibo Observatory)",
	1372	"source": 0
	1373	},
	1374	{
	1375	"label": "Mass",
	1376	"value": "4.3 Earth masses",
	1377	"source": 0
	1378	},
	1379	{
	1380	"label": "Orbital period",
	1381	"value": "66.54 days",
	1382	"source": 0
	1383	},
	1384	{
	1385	"label": "Orbit",
	1386	"value": "0.36 AU from the pulsar",
	1387	"source": 0
	1388	}
	1389	],
	1390	"essay": "PSR B1257+12 c is one of the planets that Aleksander Wolszczan found around a pulsar in 1992 using the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico. Planets c and d, both dated to 1992 in the NASA Exoplanet Archive, were the first planets of any kind found outside the Solar System. A third, much smaller planet, b, is listed from 1994.\n\nA pulsar is a rapidly spinning neutron star, the collapsed core left by a supernova, which sweeps beams of radiation past Earth like a lighthouse. Its radio pulses arrive with very regular timing. As the planets orbit, they pull the pulsar slightly back and forth, and the pulses arrive a little early or late in a repeating pattern. Analysing that pattern gives the planets' orbits and masses.\n\nPlanet c has about 4.3 times Earth's mass and orbits every 66.5 days at 0.36 AU, similar to Mercury's distance from the Sun. Its radius is unknown, since it does not transit. Charged particles from the pulsar probably rain down on the planets. The planets may be a second generation, formed after the original planetary system was destroyed when the star exploded.",
	1391	"image": {
	1392	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA08042/PIA08042~large.jpg",
	1393	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	1394	"licence": "Public domain",
	1395	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA08042",
	1396	"caption": "Artist's concept of the three planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12."
	1397	},
	1398	"drawing": {
	1399	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1400	"orbitAU": 0.36
	1401	},
	1402	"link": {},
	1403	"sources": [
	1404	{
	1405	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: PSR B1257+12 c",
	1406	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/PSR%20B1257%2B12%20c"
	1407	},
	1408	{
	1409	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: PSR B1257+12 c",
	1410	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/psr-b125712-c/"
	1411	},
	1412	{
	1413	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA08042: Extreme Planets Artist Concept",
	1414	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA08042"
	1415	}
	1416	]
	1417	},
	1418	{
	1419	"id": "beta-pictoris-b",
	1420	"section": "exoplanets",
	1421	"title": "Beta Pictoris b",
	1422	"subtitle": "Directly imaged young giant planet · 64 light-years",
	1423	"facts": [
	1424	{
	1425	"label": "Host star",
	1426	"value": "Beta Pictoris, spectral type A6 V",
	1427	"source": 0
	1428	},
	1429	{
	1430	"label": "Distance",
	1431	"value": "64.4 light-years (19.74 pc)",
	1432	"source": 0
	1433	},
	1434	{
	1435	"label": "Discovery",
	1436	"value": "2008, direct imaging (VLT, Paranal Observatory)",
	1437	"source": 0
	1438	},
	1439	{
	1440	"label": "Mass",
	1441	"value": "About 8.7 Jupiter masses",
	1442	"source": 0
	1443	},
	1444	{
	1445	"label": "Orbital period",
	1446	"value": "About 23.8 years (8,682 days)",
	1447	"source": 0
	1448	},
	1449	{
	1450	"label": "Orbit",
	1451	"value": "10.07 AU from its star",
	1452	"source": 0
	1453	},
	1454	{
	1455	"label": "Temperature",
	1456	"value": "About 1,600 K (Currie et al. 2013, via the archive)",
	1457	"source": 0
	1458	}
	1459	],
	1460	"essay": "Beta Pictoris b is a young giant planet orbiting Beta Pictoris, an A-type star about 64 light-years away in Pictor. The star is only about 12 million years old and is surrounded by a dusty debris disc, the first such disc to be imaged, in 1984. A warp in the disc and comets falling onto the star had already suggested a massive planet.\n\nA team led by Anne-Marie Lagrange found a faint point of light inside the disc in images taken in 2003 with the NACO adaptive optics instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope, and reported it in 2008. In images from 2008 and early 2009 the source could not be seen; by late 2009 it had reappeared on the other side of the star. This showed it was a companion in orbit and not a background star. It was the first time astronomers had directly followed an exoplanet moving from one side of its star to the other.\n\nThe planet orbits at about 10 AU, roughly Saturn's distance from the Sun, with a period of about 24 years. It has around 9 Jupiter masses and, being young, still glows in the infrared at about 1,600 K from heat left over from its formation. Its age shows that giant planets can form within a few million years.",
	1461	"image": {
	1462	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso1024a.jpg",
	1463	"credit": "ESO/A.-M. Lagrange",
	1464	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	1465	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1024a/",
	1466	"caption": "VLT infrared images of Beta Pictoris showing the planet on opposite sides of the star in 2003 and 2009, with the star's glow removed."
	1467	},
	1468	"drawing": {
	1469	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1470	"orbitAU": 10.07,
	1471	"starTempK": 8039
	1472	},
	1473	"link": {},
	1474	"sources": [
	1475	{
	1476	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: bet Pic b",
	1477	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/bet%20Pic%20b"
	1478	},
	1479	{
	1480	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Beta Pictoris b",
	1481	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/beta-pictoris-b/"
	1482	},
	1483	{
	1484	"title": "ESO eso0842: Beta Pictoris planet finally imaged?",
	1485	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0842/"
	1486	},
	1487	{
	1488	"title": "ESO eso1024: Exoplanet caught on the move",
	1489	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1024/"
	1490	}
	1491	]
	1492	},
	1493	{
	1494	"id": "hr-8799-e",
	1495	"section": "exoplanets",
	1496	"title": "HR 8799 e",
	1497	"subtitle": "Innermost imaged planet of a four-giant system · 135 light-years",
	1498	"facts": [
	1499	{
	1500	"label": "Host star",
	1501	"value": "HR 8799, spectral type A5 V",
	1502	"source": 0
	1503	},
	1504	{
	1505	"label": "Distance",
	1506	"value": "134.5 light-years (41.24 pc)",
	1507	"source": 0
	1508	},
	1509	{
	1510	"label": "Discovery",
	1511	"value": "2010, direct imaging (W. M. Keck Observatory)",
	1512	"source": 0
	1513	},
	1514	{
	1515	"label": "Mass",
	1516	"value": "About 10 Jupiter masses (large uncertainty)",
	1517	"source": 0
	1518	},
	1519	{
	1520	"label": "Orbital period",
	1521	"value": "About 57 years",
	1522	"source": 1
	1523	},
	1524	{
	1525	"label": "Orbit",
	1526	"value": "16.4 AU from its star",
	1527	"source": 0
	1528	},
	1529	{
	1530	"label": "Temperature",
	1531	"value": "About 1,150 K",
	1532	"source": 0
	1533	}
	1534	],
	1535	"essay": "HR 8799 e is the innermost of four giant planets imaged around HR 8799, a young star about 135 light-years away in Pegasus. Planets b, c and d were reported in 2008; e was found in 2010 in Keck Observatory images, at a smaller separation than the others. The four planets, each several times Jupiter's mass, have since been followed over years of observations as they move along their orbits.\n\nThe planets can be imaged because they orbit far from the star and the system is young, less than 100 million years old, so they still glow in the infrared from the heat of their formation. HR 8799 e orbits at about 16 AU, somewhat closer than Uranus is to the Sun, with a period of about 57 years. Its mass is about 10 Jupiter masses, with a large uncertainty.\n\nIn 2019 the GRAVITY instrument, which combines the light of the four 8.2-metre telescopes of ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer, made the first direct observation of an exoplanet by optical interferometry. Its spectrum of HR 8799 e indicated a temperature of about 1,150 K and clouds of iron and silicate particles. In 2025 the James Webb Space Telescope imaged the system with its NIRCam coronagraph and found carbon dioxide in the planets' atmospheres, evidence that they formed by building solid cores first, as Jupiter and Saturn did.",
	1536	"image": {
	1537	"url": "https://cdn.esawebb.org/archives/images/screen/weic2504a.jpg",
	1538	"credit": "NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, W. Balmer (JHU), L. Pueyo (STScI), M. Perrin (STScI)",
	1539	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	1540	"page": "https://esawebb.org/images/weic2504a/",
	1541	"caption": "James Webb Space Telescope NIRCam image of the HR 8799 system, with the star blocked by a coronagraph and its planets visible as points of light."
	1542	},
	1543	"drawing": {
	1544	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1545	"orbitAU": 16.4,
	1546	"starTempK": 7400
	1547	},
	1548	"link": {},
	1549	"sources": [
	1550	{
	1551	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: HR 8799 e",
	1552	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/HR%208799%20e"
	1553	},
	1554	{
	1555	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: HR 8799 e",
	1556	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/hr-8799-e/"
	1557	},
	1558	{
	1559	"title": "Marois et al. 2010, Images of a fourth planet orbiting HR 8799",
	1560	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.4918"
	1561	},
	1562	{
	1563	"title": "ESO eso1905: GRAVITY instrument breaks new ground in exoplanet imaging",
	1564	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1905/"
	1565	},
	1566	{
	1567	"title": "ESA/Webb weic2504: Webb images young, giant exoplanets, detects carbon dioxide",
	1568	"url": "https://esawebb.org/news/weic2504/"
	1569	}
	1570	]
	1571	},
	1572	{
	1573	"id": "2m1207-b",
	1574	"section": "exoplanets",
	1575	"title": "2M1207 b",
	1576	"subtitle": "First exoplanet seen in a direct image · 210 light-years",
	1577	"facts": [
	1578	{
	1579	"label": "Host",
	1580	"value": "2MASS J12073346-3932539 (2M1207 A), an M8 brown dwarf",
	1581	"source": 0
	1582	},
	1583	{
	1584	"label": "Distance",
	1585	"value": "209.7 light-years (64.31 pc)",
	1586	"source": 0
	1587	},
	1588	{
	1589	"label": "Discovery",
	1590	"value": "2004, direct imaging (VLT, Paranal Observatory); confirmed 2005",
	1591	"source": 3
	1592	},
	1593	{
	1594	"label": "Mass",
	1595	"value": "About 5.2 Jupiter masses",
	1596	"source": 0
	1597	},
	1598	{
	1599	"label": "Separation",
	1600	"value": "About 46 AU from the brown dwarf (projected)",
	1601	"source": 0
	1602	},
	1603	{
	1604	"label": "Temperature",
	1605	"value": "About 1,160 K",
	1606	"source": 0
	1607	}
	1608	],
	1609	"essay": "2M1207 b was the first planet outside the Solar System to be photographed directly. In April 2004 a team led by Gaël Chauvin used the NACO adaptive optics instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope to take infrared images of 2M1207, a young brown dwarf in the TW Hydrae association, and found a faint, very red point of light 0.8 arcseconds away. Images taken in early 2005 showed the two objects moving together across the sky, which confirmed the faint object was a companion and not a background star.\n\nThe host is not a star in the usual sense. 2M1207 A is a brown dwarf of spectral type M8, too small for major nuclear fusion to have started in its core. Its companion has about 5 Jupiter masses and lies about 46 AU from it, roughly one and a half times Neptune's distance from the Sun. The system is about 210 light-years away, near the southern constellation Hydra.\n\nAs a member of the TW Hydrae association, 2M1207 is only about 8 million years old. The brown dwarf has roughly 25 Jupiter masses, so the companion is about a fifth of its mass, a much larger ratio than between Jupiter and the Sun. Because the system is young, the planet is still hot from its formation, at roughly 1,160 K, and glows in the infrared. That is why it could be imaged.",
	1610	"image": {
	1611	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso0515a.jpg",
	1612	"credit": "ESO",
	1613	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	1614	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0515a/",
	1615	"caption": "VLT NACO near-infrared composite image of the brown dwarf 2M1207 (centre) and its planetary companion (right)."
	1616	},
	1617	"drawing": {
	1618	"kind": "exoplanet"
	1619	},
	1620	"link": {},
	1621	"sources": [
	1622	{
	1623	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: 2MASS J12073346-3932539 b",
	1624	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/2MASS%20J12073346-3932539%20b"
	1625	},
	1626	{
	1627	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: 2MASS J12073346-3932539 b",
	1628	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/2mass-j12073346-3932539-b/"
	1629	},
	1630	{
	1631	"title": "ESO eso0428: Is this speck of light an exoplanet?",
	1632	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0428/"
	1633	},
	1634	{
	1635	"title": "ESO eso0515: Yes, it is the image of an exoplanet",
	1636	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0515/"
	1637	}
	1638	]
	1639	},
	1640	{
	1641	"id": "toi-700-d",
	1642	"section": "exoplanets",
	1643	"title": "TOI-700 d",
	1644	"subtitle": "TESS's first Earth-size habitable-zone planet · 102 light-years",
	1645	"facts": [
	1646	{
	1647	"label": "Host star",
	1648	"value": "TOI-700, spectral type M2.5 V (red dwarf)",
	1649	"source": 0
	1650	},
	1651	{
	1652	"label": "Distance",
	1653	"value": "101.5 light-years (31.13 pc)",
	1654	"source": 0
	1655	},
	1656	{
	1657	"label": "Discovery",
	1658	"value": "2020, transit (TESS)",
	1659	"source": 0
	1660	},
	1661	{
	1662	"label": "Radius",
	1663	"value": "1.145 Earth radii",
	1664	"source": 0
	1665	},
	1666	{
	1667	"label": "Mass",
	1668	"value": "Not measured",
	1669	"source": 0
	1670	},
	1671	{
	1672	"label": "Orbital period",
	1673	"value": "37.42 days",
	1674	"source": 0
	1675	},
	1676	{
	1677	"label": "Orbit",
	1678	"value": "0.1642 AU from its star",
	1679	"source": 0
	1680	},
	1681	{
	1682	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	1683	"value": "About 269 K (Rodriguez et al. 2020, via the archive)",
	1684	"source": 0
	1685	}
	1686	],
	1687	"essay": "TOI-700 d was the first Earth-size planet in a habitable zone found by NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). It was announced in January 2020. The host, TOI-700, is a red dwarf about 100 light-years away in Dorado. It lies in the TESS continuous viewing zone in the southern ecliptic hemisphere, and the discovery used observations spanning 11 TESS sectors.\n\nThe planet is about 15 percent larger than Earth and orbits every 37 days at 0.16 AU. It receives about 86 percent of the energy Earth receives from the Sun, which places it in the conservative habitable zone, with an equilibrium temperature of about 269 K. The discovery team used ground-based follow-up and vetting tests to rule out common false-positive explanations.\n\nTOI-700 has four known planets; a second Earth-size planet, TOI-700 e, was reported in 2023. The star shows low levels of activity compared with some other red dwarfs that host Earth-size planets, which makes the system useful for studying how rocky planets lose or keep their atmospheres. TOI-700 d's mass has not been measured, so its composition is not known.",
	1688	"image": {
	1689	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA23408/PIA23408~orig.jpg",
	1690	"credit": "NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center",
	1691	"licence": "Public domain",
	1692	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA23408",
	1693	"caption": "Artist's illustration of the TOI-700 planetary system."
	1694	},
	1695	"drawing": {
	1696	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1697	"radiusEarth": 1.145,
	1698	"orbitAU": 0.1642,
	1699	"starTempK": 3459
	1700	},
	1701	"link": {},
	1702	"sources": [
	1703	{
	1704	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: TOI-700 d",
	1705	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/TOI-700%20d"
	1706	},
	1707	{
	1708	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: TOI-700 d",
	1709	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/toi-700-d/"
	1710	},
	1711	{
	1712	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA23408: TOI 700 Artists' Illustration",
	1713	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA23408"
	1714	},
	1715	{
	1716	"title": "Gilbert et al. 2020, The first habitable zone Earth-sized planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 system",
	1717	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.00952"
	1718	}
	1719	]
	1720	},
	1721	{
	1722	"id": "kepler-10b",
	1723	"section": "exoplanets",
	1724	"title": "Kepler-10b",
	1725	"subtitle": "Kepler's first confirmed rocky planet · 605 light-years",
	1726	"facts": [
	1727	{
	1728	"label": "Host star",
	1729	"value": "Kepler-10, spectral type G2 V",
	1730	"source": 2
	1731	},
	1732	{
	1733	"label": "Distance",
	1734	"value": "605 light-years (185.5 pc)",
	1735	"source": 0
	1736	},
	1737	{
	1738	"label": "Discovery",
	1739	"value": "2011, transit (Kepler)",
	1740	"source": 0
	1741	},
	1742	{
	1743	"label": "Radius",
	1744	"value": "1.47 Earth radii",
	1745	"source": 0
	1746	},
	1747	{
	1748	"label": "Mass",
	1749	"value": "3.24 Earth masses",
	1750	"source": 0
	1751	},
	1752	{
	1753	"label": "Orbital period",
	1754	"value": "0.8375 days (20.1 hours)",
	1755	"source": 0
	1756	},
	1757	{
	1758	"label": "Orbit",
	1759	"value": "0.01685 AU from its star",
	1760	"source": 0
	1761	},
	1762	{
	1763	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	1764	"value": "2,188 K",
	1765	"source": 0
	1766	}
	1767	],
	1768	"essay": "Kepler-10b was the first rocky planet confirmed by NASA's Kepler mission, announced in January 2011. It orbits Kepler-10, a Sun-like G-type star about 605 light-years away. Kepler found it by detecting the small, regular dip in the star's brightness each time the planet crossed in front of it, once every 20 hours.\n\nThe planet is about 1.5 times Earth's radius and about 3.2 times its mass. Its radius comes from Kepler's transit measurements and its mass from radial velocity observations of the star. Together they give a mean density about the same as Earth's, which for a planet this size indicates a rocky composition rather than a thick gas envelope.\n\nKepler-10b orbits in just 20 hours at 0.017 AU, more than twenty times closer to its star than Mercury is to the Sun. Its equilibrium temperature is about 2,190 K. Kepler-10 also has a second transiting planet, Kepler-10c, which orbits every 45 days, and a third planet, Kepler-10d, found by radial velocity.",
	1769	"image": {
	1770	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA13776/PIA13776~large.jpg",
	1771	"credit": "NASA",
	1772	"licence": "Public domain",
	1773	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA13776",
	1774	"caption": "Artist's concept of Kepler-10b in front of its host star."
	1775	},
	1776	"drawing": {
	1777	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1778	"radiusEarth": 1.47,
	1779	"orbitAU": 0.01685,
	1780	"starTempK": 5708
	1781	},
	1782	"link": {},
	1783	"sources": [
	1784	{
	1785	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: Kepler-10 b",
	1786	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Kepler-10%20b"
	1787	},
	1788	{
	1789	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: Kepler-10b",
	1790	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/kepler-10-b/"
	1791	},
	1792	{
	1793	"title": "SIMBAD: Kepler-10",
	1794	"url": "https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Kepler-10"
	1795	},
	1796	{
	1797	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA13776: NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Its First Rocky Planet",
	1798	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA13776"
	1799	}
	1800	]
	1801	},
	1802	{
	1803	"id": "kelt-9b",
	1804	"section": "exoplanets",
	1805	"title": "KELT-9b",
	1806	"subtitle": "Hottest known gas giant · 670 light-years",
	1807	"facts": [
	1808	{
	1809	"label": "Host star",
	1810	"value": "KELT-9 (HD 195689), spectral type B9.5–A0",
	1811	"source": 0
	1812	},
	1813	{
	1814	"label": "Distance",
	1815	"value": "667 light-years (204.5 pc)",
	1816	"source": 0
	1817	},
	1818	{
	1819	"label": "Discovery",
	1820	"value": "2017, transit (KELT-North)",
	1821	"source": 0
	1822	},
	1823	{
	1824	"label": "Radius",
	1825	"value": "1.94 Jupiter radii (21.7 Earth radii)",
	1826	"source": 0
	1827	},
	1828	{
	1829	"label": "Mass",
	1830	"value": "2.88 Jupiter masses",
	1831	"source": 0
	1832	},
	1833	{
	1834	"label": "Orbital period",
	1835	"value": "1.481 days",
	1836	"source": 0
	1837	},
	1838	{
	1839	"label": "Orbit",
	1840	"value": "0.03368 AU from its star",
	1841	"source": 0
	1842	},
	1843	{
	1844	"label": "Equilibrium temperature",
	1845	"value": "3,921 K",
	1846	"source": 0
	1847	}
	1848	],
	1849	"essay": "KELT-9b is the hottest gas giant planet known. It orbits KELT-9, a hot, blue star near the boundary between spectral types B and A, about 670 light-years away. The KELT-North transit survey found it in 2017.\n\nThe planet is about 2.9 times Jupiter's mass and nearly twice its radius, giving it roughly half Jupiter's density. It orbits every 1.5 days at 0.034 AU. Its equilibrium temperature is about 3,900 K, and its dayside reaches more than 4,600 K, hotter than most stars.\n\nThe star's strong ultraviolet radiation heats the planet's upper atmosphere and drives gas away from it, so the planet may trail a tail of evaporated material. Its orbit is also unusual: it runs nearly perpendicular to the star's spin axis, which is equivalent to a planet in the Solar System orbiting over the Sun's poles. The star is about 300 million years old, young compared with the Sun, and is more than twice the Sun's size.",
	1850	"image": {
	1851	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/PIA21472/PIA21472~large.jpg",
	1852	"credit": "NASA/JPL-Caltech",
	1853	"licence": "Public domain",
	1854	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA21472",
	1855	"caption": "Artist's concept of KELT-9b orbiting its hot blue host star."
	1856	},
	1857	"drawing": {
	1858	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1859	"radiusEarth": 21.7,
	1860	"orbitAU": 0.03368,
	1861	"starTempK": 9270
	1862	},
	1863	"link": {},
	1864	"sources": [
	1865	{
	1866	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: KELT-9 b",
	1867	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/KELT-9%20b"
	1868	},
	1869	{
	1870	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: KELT-9 b",
	1871	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/kelt-9-b/"
	1872	},
	1873	{
	1874	"title": "NASA Photojournal PIA21472: Hottest Hot Jupiter (Artist's Concept)",
	1875	"url": "https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21472"
	1876	},
	1877	{
	1878	"title": "Gaudi et al. 2017, A giant planet undergoing extreme-ultraviolet irradiation by its hot massive-star host",
	1879	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06723"
	1880	}
	1881	]
	1882	},
	1883	{
	1884	"id": "gliese-667-cc",
	1885	"section": "exoplanets",
	1886	"title": "Gliese 667 Cc",
	1887	"subtitle": "Super-Earth in a triple star system · 24 light-years",
	1888	"facts": [
	1889	{
	1890	"label": "Host star",
	1891	"value": "Gliese 667 C, spectral type M1.5 V (red dwarf)",
	1892	"source": 0
	1893	},
	1894	{
	1895	"label": "Distance",
	1896	"value": "23.6 light-years (7.244 pc)",
	1897	"source": 0
	1898	},
	1899	{
	1900	"label": "Discovery",
	1901	"value": "Radial velocity (La Silla Observatory); the archive lists 2013",
	1902	"source": 0
	1903	},
	1904	{
	1905	"label": "Minimum mass",
	1906	"value": "About 3.8 Earth masses",
	1907	"source": 0
	1908	},
	1909	{
	1910	"label": "Orbital period",
	1911	"value": "28.14 days",
	1912	"source": 0
	1913	},
	1914	{
	1915	"label": "Orbit",
	1916	"value": "0.125 AU from its star",
	1917	"source": 0
	1918	}
	1919	],
	1920	"essay": "Gliese 667 Cc orbits Gliese 667 C, a red dwarf about 24 light-years away that belongs to a triple star system called Gliese 667. The planet was found by radial velocity measurements, mainly with ESO's HARPS spectrograph at La Silla, and was featured in a 2012 ESO release on how common super-Earths are in the habitable zones of red dwarfs.\n\nRadial velocity measurements give only a minimum mass, which for Gliese 667 Cc is about 3.8 Earth masses. It orbits every 28 days at 0.125 AU, close to the middle of its star's habitable zone. It does not have a measured radius, so its density and composition are unknown.\n\nA 2013 analysis that combined HARPS data with observations from other spectrographs found evidence for up to six or seven planet signals around Gliese 667 C, several in or near the habitable zone. Planet c was one of the two candidates already known before that analysis, and it remains in the NASA Exoplanet Archive's list of confirmed planets.",
	1921	"image": {
	1922	"url": "https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/eso1214a.jpg",
	1923	"credit": "ESO/L. Calçada",
	1924	"licence": "CC BY 4.0",
	1925	"page": "https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1214a/",
	1926	"caption": "Artist's impression of sunset on Gliese 667 Cc, with the more distant pair Gliese 667 A and B in the sky."
	1927	},
	1928	"drawing": {
	1929	"kind": "exoplanet",
	1930	"orbitAU": 0.125,
	1931	"starTempK": 3350
	1932	},
	1933	"link": {},
	1934	"sources": [
	1935	{
	1936	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Archive: GJ 667 C c",
	1937	"url": "https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/GJ%20667%20C%20c"
	1938	},
	1939	{
	1940	"title": "NASA Exoplanet Catalog: GJ 667 C c",
	1941	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-667-c-c/"
	1942	},
	1943	{
	1944	"title": "ESO eso1214: Many billions of rocky planets in the habitable zones around red dwarfs in the Milky Way",
	1945	"url": "https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1214/"
	1946	},
	1947	{
	1948	"title": "Anglada-Escudé et al. 2013, A dynamically-packed planetary system around GJ 667C with three super-Earths in its habitable zone",
	1949	"url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.6074"
	1950	}
	1951	]
	1952	}
	1953	]\ No newline at end of file

Packages/MoonriseKit/Sources/Library/Resources/pages/rockets.json added +1488

@@ -0,0 +1,1488 @@
	1	[
	2	{
	3	"id": "v-2",
	4	"section": "rockets",
	5	"title": "V-2",
	6	"subtitle": "Germany · first long-range ballistic missile, 1942–1952",
	7	"facts": [
	8	{
	9	"label": "Builder",
	10	"value": "German Army rocket team at Peenemünde led by Wernher von Braun",
	11	"source": 0
	12	},
	13	{
	14	"label": "Length",
	15	"value": "14 m (46 ft)",
	16	"source": 0
	17	},
	18	{
	19	"label": "Diameter",
	20	"value": "1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)",
	21	"source": 1
	22	},
	23	{
	24	"label": "Mass at launch",
	25	"value": "About 13,000 kg (29,000 lb)",
	26	"source": 0
	27	},
	28	{
	29	"label": "Payload",
	30	"value": "About 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) warhead over about 320 km (200 miles)",
	31	"source": 0
	32	},
	33	{
	34	"label": "First successful flight",
	35	"value": "3 October 1942, Peenemünde",
	36	"source": 1
	37	},
	38	{
	39	"label": "Flights",
	40	"value": "3,200 to 3,600 fired at Allied targets, 1944–1945; 67 flown in the United States, 1946–1952",
	41	"source": 1
	42	},
	43	{
	44	"label": "Status",
	45	"value": "Retired",
	46	"source": 2
	47	}
	48	],
	49	"essay": "The V-2, called the A-4 by its designers, was the first large liquid-propellant rocket and the first long-range ballistic missile. Germany's army rocket team built it at Peenemünde on the Baltic coast. It burned alcohol with liquid oxygen, stood 14 m tall and could carry a one-tonne warhead about 320 km. After two failed attempts, the first successful flight took place on 3 October 1942.\n\nFrom September 1944 the V-2 was fired at London, Paris, Antwerp and other cities. Production moved to the underground Mittelwerk plant, where prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp were forced to build the rockets under conditions that killed many of them.\n\nAfter the war the United States brought captured rockets and parts, and many of the engineers, to Texas and New Mexico. Sixty-seven V-2s flew there and at Cape Canaveral between 1946 and 1952, carrying instruments into the upper atmosphere. A flight on 24 October 1946 returned the first photographs of Earth taken from about 65 miles up. In the Bumper programme a V-2 served as the first stage of the first large two-stage rocket, flown in 1948. Both the American and the Soviet missile and launcher programmes grew out of this work.",
	50	"image": {
	51	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/9131496/9131496~large.jpg",
	52	"credit": "NASA",
	53	"licence": "Public domain",
	54	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/9131496",
	55	"caption": "A captured V-2 lifts off from White Sands, New Mexico, in 1946."
	56	},
	57	"drawing": {
	58	"kind": "rocket",
	59	"heightM": 14.0,
	60	"diameterM": 1.65,
	61	"status": "retired"
	62	},
	63	"link": {},
	64	"sources": [
	65	{
	66	"title": "NASA: Wernher von Braun",
	67	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/people/wernher-von-braun/"
	68	},
	69	{
	70	"title": "Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: V-2 Missile",
	71	"url": "https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/missile-surface-surface-v-2-4/nasm_A19600342000"
	72	},
	73	{
	74	"title": "NASA: 75 Years Ago: First Launch of a Two-Stage Rocket",
	75	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/75-years-ago-first-launch-of-a-two-stage-rocket/"
	76	}
	77	]
	78	},
	79	{
	80	"id": "r-7-vostok",
	81	"section": "rockets",
	82	"title": "R-7 (Vostok)",
	83	"subtitle": "Soviet Union · R-7 missile with a third stage, used for Vostok from 1960",
	84	"facts": [
	85	{
	86	"label": "Builder",
	87	"value": "OKB-1 design bureau under Sergei Korolev, Soviet Union",
	88	"source": 0
	89	},
	90	{
	91	"label": "Length",
	92	"value": "More than 38 m with the Vostok payload fairing",
	93	"source": 0
	94	},
	95	{
	96	"label": "Core stage diameter",
	97	"value": "2.99 m; more than 10 m across the four strap-on boosters",
	98	"source": 2
	99	},
	100	{
	101	"label": "Mass at launch (R-7 missile)",
	102	"value": "270 t, of which about 247 t propellant",
	103	"source": 0
	104	},
	105	{
	106	"label": "Payload to low Earth orbit",
	107	"value": "About 4.5 t for the 8K72; the 8K72K added about 200 kg",
	108	"source": 0
	109	},
	110	{
	111	"label": "First flight",
	112	"value": "R-7: 15 May 1957; 8K72K: 22 December 1960",
	113	"source": 0
	114	},
	115	{
	116	"label": "Record before Gagarin",
	117	"value": "16 launches of the R-7 with the Blok Ye third stage, 8 failures",
	118	"source": 0
	119	},
	120	{
	121	"label": "Status",
	122	"value": "Retired; the R-7 family continues as Soyuz",
	123	"source": 4
	124	}
	125	],
	126	"essay": "The R-7 was the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, designed by Sergei Korolev's OKB-1 bureau. Four tapered strap-on boosters surround a central core, and all five units ignite on the ground. The first launch, on 15 May 1957, failed when a strap-on broke away; the first successful flight followed on 21 August 1957. Six weeks later an R-7 put Sputnik into orbit, and its large core stage reached orbit as well.\n\nFor lunar probes and then the Vostok crewed spacecraft, Korolev's team added a third stage, Blok Ye. The 8K72 version launched the first Luna probes. For piloted flights the third-stage engine was replaced with the slightly more powerful RD-0109, and the result was designated 8K72K. With the spacecraft and its fairing the vehicle was more than 38 m tall.\n\nIts record was poor at first. Before Gagarin's flight there had been 16 launches of the R-7 with Blok Ye, and half of them failed. On 12 April 1961 an 8K72K launched Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, a flight that lasted 108 minutes. Later members of the same family, under the Soyuz name, are still flying.",
	127	"image": null,
	128	"drawing": {
	129	"kind": "rocket",
	130	"heightM": 38.0,
	131	"diameterM": 2.99,
	132	"status": "retired"
	133	},
	134	"link": {},
	135	"sources": [
	136	{
	137	"title": "NASA SP-2000-4408, Challenge to Apollo, Part 1 (Asif Siddiqi)",
	138	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/SP-4408pt1.pdf"
	139	},
	140	{
	141	"title": "NASA: 65 Years Ago, Sputnik Ushers in the Space Age",
	142	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/65-years-ago-sputnik-ushers-in-the-space-age/"
	143	},
	144	{
	145	"title": "Launch Library 2: Vostok-K",
	146	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/103/"
	147	},
	148	{
	149	"title": "NASA: April 1961 – First Human Entered Space",
	150	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/april-1961-first-human-entered-space/"
	151	},
	152	{
	153	"title": "ESA: Soyuz",
	154	"url": "https://www.esa.int/About_Us/50_years_of_ESA/Soyuz"
	155	}
	156	]
	157	},
	158	{
	159	"id": "saturn-v",
	160	"section": "rockets",
	161	"title": "Saturn V",
	162	"subtitle": "NASA · super heavy-lift Moon rocket, 1967–1973",
	163	"facts": [
	164	{
	165	"label": "Builder",
	166	"value": "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (design); United States",
	167	"source": 0
	168	},
	169	{
	170	"label": "Height",
	171	"value": "111 m (363 ft)",
	172	"source": 0
	173	},
	174	{
	175	"label": "Diameter",
	176	"value": "10.1 m (33 ft), first stage",
	177	"source": 1
	178	},
	179	{
	180	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	181	"value": "2.8 million kg (6.2 million lb)",
	182	"source": 0
	183	},
	184	{
	185	"label": "Payload",
	186	"value": "About 118,000 kg (130 tons) to Earth orbit; about 43,500 kg (50 tons) to the Moon",
	187	"source": 0
	188	},
	189	{
	190	"label": "First flight",
	191	"value": "9 November 1967 (Apollo 4)",
	192	"source": 2
	193	},
	194	{
	195	"label": "Launches",
	196	"value": "13, 1967–1973; Launch Library 2 records 12 successes and 1 failure (as of 18 October 2026)",
	197	"source": 2
	198	},
	199	{
	200	"label": "Status",
	201	"value": "Retired",
	202	"source": 0
	203	}
	204	],
	205	"essay": "The Saturn V was the rocket NASA built to send astronauts to the Moon. It was designed at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, and stood 111 m tall with the Apollo spacecraft on top. Fully fuelled it weighed about 2.8 million kg and produced 34.5 million newtons of thrust at liftoff. It could put about 118 t into Earth orbit or send about 43.5 t toward the Moon.\n\nThe first stage was 10.1 m (33 ft) in diameter and carried the rocket to an altitude of about 68 km. The Apollo version had three stages, each burning until its propellant ran out and then separating. The third stage placed the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit and then pushed it toward the Moon.\n\nThe first Saturn V flew without a crew as Apollo 4 in 1967, followed by the uncrewed Apollo 6 in 1968. Apollo 8 was the first crewed launch, and Apollo 11 carried the first crew to land on the Moon in July 1969. The final Saturn V, in 1973, flew with only two stages and launched the Skylab space station. In all, 13 were launched.",
	206	"image": {
	207	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/6900556/6900556~large.jpg",
	208	"credit": "NASA",
	209	"licence": "Public domain",
	210	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/6900556",
	211	"caption": "The Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 climbs away from Kennedy Space Center on 16 July 1969."
	212	},
	213	"drawing": {
	214	"kind": "rocket",
	215	"heightM": 111.0,
	216	"diameterM": 10.1,
	217	"status": "retired"
	218	},
	219	"link": {},
	220	"sources": [
	221	{
	222	"title": "NASA: What Was the Saturn V? (Grades 5–8)",
	223	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-was-the-saturn-v-grades-5-8/"
	224	},
	225	{
	226	"title": "NASA: This Week in NASA History: Saturn V First Stage LOX Tank at Marshall",
	227	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/this-week-nasa-history-saturn-v-first-stage-lox-tank-marshall-nov-4-1964/"
	228	},
	229	{
	230	"title": "Launch Library 2: Saturn V",
	231	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/93/"
	232	}
	233	]
	234	},
	235	{
	236	"id": "n1",
	237	"section": "rockets",
	238	"title": "N1",
	239	"subtitle": "Soviet Union · super heavy-lift Moon rocket, 1969–1972",
	240	"facts": [
	241	{
	242	"label": "Builder",
	243	"value": "OKB-1 design bureau (later TsKBEM), Soviet Union",
	244	"source": 0
	245	},
	246	{
	247	"label": "Height",
	248	"value": "105.3 m",
	249	"source": 0
	250	},
	251	{
	252	"label": "Diameter",
	253	"value": "16.9 m at the base of the first stage",
	254	"source": 0
	255	},
	256	{
	257	"label": "Mass at launch",
	258	"value": "2,820 t",
	259	"source": 0
	260	},
	261	{
	262	"label": "Payload to low Earth orbit",
	263	"value": "90 t",
	264	"source": 0
	265	},
	266	{
	267	"label": "First-stage engines",
	268	"value": "30",
	269	"source": 2
	270	},
	271	{
	272	"label": "Launches",
	273	"value": "4, 1969–1972, all failed (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	274	"source": 3
	275	},
	276	{
	277	"label": "Status",
	278	"value": "Retired; work suspended in June 1974",
	279	"source": 0
	280	}
	281	],
	282	"essay": "The N1 was the Soviet Union's rocket for landing a cosmonaut on the Moon, the counterpart of the Saturn V. Korolev's OKB-1 bureau began it in the early 1960s. It was a cone-shaped stack 105.3 m tall and 16.9 m across at the base, with a launch mass of about 2,820 t and a design payload of about 90 t to low Earth orbit. All its stages burned kerosene and liquid oxygen, and the first stage alone had 30 engines.\n\nNone of the four launches reached orbit. The first, in February 1969, ended after a fire broke out in the tail of the first stage. On 3 July 1969 the second rocket stalled about 100 m above the pad, fell back and exploded, destroying the pad; American reconnaissance satellites photographed the damage. In June 1971 the third lost roll control soon after liftoff, and the fourth, on 23 November 1972, failed during first-stage flight.\n\nEngineers were preparing improved boosters with new engines for 1974, but in May of that year the Soviet defence minister suspended further launches. In June 1974 Valentin Glushko, newly appointed head of the reorganised design bureau, stopped all work on the N1-L3 lunar programme.",
	283	"image": null,
	284	"drawing": {
	285	"kind": "rocket",
	286	"heightM": 105.3,
	287	"diameterM": 16.9,
	288	"status": "retired"
	289	},
	290	"link": {},
	291	"sources": [
	292	{
	293	"title": "NASA SP-2000-4408, Challenge to Apollo, Part 2 (Asif Siddiqi)",
	294	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/SP-4408pt2.pdf"
	295	},
	296	{
	297	"title": "NASA SP-2000-4408, Challenge to Apollo, Part 1 (Asif Siddiqi)",
	298	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/SP-4408pt1.pdf"
	299	},
	300	{
	301	"title": "NASA: 50 Years Ago: National Goal Nears Fulfillment",
	302	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/history/50-years-ago-national-goal-nears-fulfillment/"
	303	},
	304	{
	305	"title": "Launch Library 2: N1",
	306	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/114/"
	307	}
	308	]
	309	},
	310	{
	311	"id": "space-shuttle",
	312	"section": "rockets",
	313	"title": "Space Shuttle",
	314	"subtitle": "NASA · reusable crewed launch system, 1981–2011",
	315	"facts": [
	316	{
	317	"label": "Builder",
	318	"value": "NASA (orbiters by Rockwell International); United States",
	319	"source": 0
	320	},
	321	{
	322	"label": "Height on the pad",
	323	"value": "56.1 m (184 ft)",
	324	"source": 0
	325	},
	326	{
	327	"label": "Diameter",
	328	"value": "8.4 m (27.5 ft), external tank",
	329	"source": 1
	330	},
	331	{
	332	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	333	"value": "About 2,040 t (4.5 million lb), depending on payload",
	334	"source": 0
	335	},
	336	{
	337	"label": "Heaviest payload",
	338	"value": "About 25 tons, the Chandra X-ray Observatory",
	339	"source": 2
	340	},
	341	{
	342	"label": "First flight",
	343	"value": "12 April 1981 (STS-1, Columbia)",
	344	"source": 2
	345	},
	346	{
	347	"label": "Missions",
	348	"value": "135, 1981–2011; Challenger lost during ascent in 1986, Columbia during re-entry in 2003",
	349	"source": 0
	350	},
	351	{
	352	"label": "Status",
	353	"value": "Retired",
	354	"source": 2
	355	}
	356	],
	357	"essay": "The Space Shuttle launched like a rocket and landed like an aeroplane. Each launch stack had three parts: a winged orbiter carrying the crew, cargo and three main engines; a large external tank holding liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen for those engines; and two solid rocket boosters that provided most of the thrust for the first two minutes. On the pad it stood 56.1 m tall and weighed about 2,040 t. The boosters were recovered from the ocean and reused, and the orbiter was flown again; only the tank was discarded.\n\nColumbia made the first flight on 12 April 1981. Five orbiters flew in space: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour. Missions usually lasted between five and sixteen days, with crews of up to eight. The orbiter's 18 m payload bay carried satellites, the Spacelab laboratory and large parts of the International Space Station, and could bring payloads back to Earth. The heaviest single cargo was the Chandra X-ray Observatory, at about 25 tons.\n\nTwo orbiters and their crews were lost: Challenger during ascent in January 1986 and Columbia during re-entry in February 2003. Atlantis flew the 135th and final mission, STS-135, in July 2011.",
	358	"image": {
	359	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/s81-30462/s81-30462~large.jpg",
	360	"credit": "NASA",
	361	"licence": "Public domain",
	362	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/s81-30462",
	363	"caption": "Columbia lifts off from Pad 39A on STS-1, the first Space Shuttle mission, on 12 April 1981."
	364	},
	365	"drawing": {
	366	"kind": "rocket",
	367	"heightM": 56.1,
	368	"diameterM": 8.4,
	369	"status": "retired"
	370	},
	371	"link": {},
	372	"sources": [
	373	{
	374	"title": "NASA: The Space Shuttle",
	375	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/reference/the-space-shuttle/"
	376	},
	377	{
	378	"title": "NASA: External Tank Departs for the California Science Center",
	379	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/external-tank-departs-california-science-center/"
	380	},
	381	{
	382	"title": "NASA Facts: Space Shuttle Era Facts",
	383	"url": "https://www3.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/pdf/566250main_SHUTTLE%20ERA%20FACTS_040412.pdf"
	384	}
	385	]
	386	},
	387	{
	388	"id": "ariane-5",
	389	"section": "rockets",
	390	"title": "Ariane 5",
	391	"subtitle": "ESA / ArianeGroup · heavy-lift rocket, 1996–2023",
	392	"facts": [
	393	{
	394	"label": "Builder",
	395	"value": "ArianeGroup, for ESA; Europe",
	396	"source": 2
	397	},
	398	{
	399	"label": "Height",
	400	"value": "Up to 53 m (Ariane 5 ECA)",
	401	"source": 1
	402	},
	403	{
	404	"label": "Diameter",
	405	"value": "5.4 m",
	406	"source": 1
	407	},
	408	{
	409	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	410	"value": "780 t (Ariane 5 ECA, double launch)",
	411	"source": 1
	412	},
	413	{
	414	"label": "Payload to GTO",
	415	"value": "10 t (Ariane 5 ECA)",
	416	"source": 1
	417	},
	418	{
	419	"label": "First flight",
	420	"value": "4 June 1996",
	421	"source": 2
	422	},
	423	{
	424	"label": "Launches",
	425	"value": "117, 1996–2023; Launch Library 2 records 5 failures or partial failures (as of 18 October 2026)",
	426	"source": 0
	427	},
	428	{
	429	"label": "Status",
	430	"value": "Retired; final flight VA261 on 6 July 2023",
	431	"source": 0
	432	}
	433	],
	434	"essay": "Ariane 5 was Europe's main launcher for more than a quarter of a century. Unlike Ariane 1 to 4, which were closely related to one another, it was designed as a new system, starting in 1985. A cryogenic core stage with a single Vulcain engine was flanked by two large solid boosters. The most-used version, Ariane 5 ECA, stood up to 53 m tall, weighed about 780 t at liftoff for a double launch and could place 10 t into geostationary transfer orbit.\n\nThat capacity let Ariane 5 carry two large communications satellites at once, which made it popular with commercial operators. It also launched ESA's Rosetta comet mission, twelve Galileo navigation satellites in three launches, the five Automated Transfer Vehicles that supplied the International Space Station, the James Webb Space Telescope in 2021 and, on its last ESA mission, the Juice spacecraft bound for Jupiter.\n\nAriane 5 first flew on 4 June 1996, and Launch Library 2 counts five failures or partial failures over its career. The final flight, VA261, took place on 6 July 2023, bringing the total to 117 launches from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.",
	435	"image": {
	436	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202112250015/NHQ202112250015~large.jpg",
	437	"credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls",
	438	"licence": "Public domain",
	439	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/NHQ202112250015",
	440	"caption": "Ariane 5 lifts off from Europe's Spaceport in Kourou with the James Webb Space Telescope on 25 December 2021."
	441	},
	442	"drawing": {
	443	"kind": "rocket",
	444	"heightM": 53.0,
	445	"diameterM": 5.4,
	446	"status": "retired"
	447	},
	448	"link": {},
	449	"sources": [
	450	{
	451	"title": "ESA: Ariane 5",
	452	"url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_5"
	453	},
	454	{
	455	"title": "ESA: Ariane 5 ECA",
	456	"url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Ariane/Ariane_5_ECA"
	457	},
	458	{
	459	"title": "Launch Library 2: Ariane 5 configurations",
	460	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Ariane%205&mode=detailed"
	461	}
	462	]
	463	},
	464	{
	465	"id": "ariane-6",
	466	"section": "rockets",
	467	"title": "Ariane 6",
	468	"subtitle": "ESA / ArianeGroup · heavy-lift rocket, 2024–",
	469	"facts": [
	470	{
	471	"label": "Builder",
	472	"value": "ArianeGroup (prime contractor), for ESA; Europe",
	473	"source": 2
	474	},
	475	{
	476	"label": "Height",
	477	"value": "56 m or 62 m, depending on fairing",
	478	"source": 0
	479	},
	480	{
	481	"label": "Diameter",
	482	"value": "5.4 m",
	483	"source": 0
	484	},
	485	{
	486	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	487	"value": "Up to 540 t (Ariane 62); up to 870 t (Ariane 64)",
	488	"source": 0
	489	},
	490	{
	491	"label": "Payload to low Earth orbit",
	492	"value": "Up to 10.3 t (Ariane 62); up to 21.6 t (Ariane 64)",
	493	"source": 0
	494	},
	495	{
	496	"label": "Payload to GTO",
	497	"value": "Up to 4.5 t (Ariane 62); up to 11.5 t (Ariane 64)",
	498	"source": 0
	499	},
	500	{
	501	"label": "First flight",
	502	"value": "9 July 2024 (Ariane 62); first Ariane 64 on 12 February 2026",
	503	"source": 1
	504	},
	505	{
	506	"label": "Launches",
	507	"value": "9, no failures (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	508	"source": 3
	509	}
	510	],
	511	"essay": "Ariane 6 replaced Ariane 5 as Europe's heavy launcher. ESA member states approved its development in December 2014, with ArianeGroup as prime contractor and Arianespace as operator. It flies in two versions: Ariane 62 with two P120C solid boosters and Ariane 64 with four. The core stage uses the Vulcain 2.1, an upgraded version of Ariane 5's main engine, and both stages burn liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.\n\nThe main change from Ariane 5 is the upper stage. Its Vinci engine can be reignited several times, so one launch can drop satellites into different orbits, and a final burn brings the stage back down to avoid leaving debris in orbit. The 5.4 m fairing comes in 14 m and 20 m lengths, giving a total height of 56 m or 62 m. Ariane 62 can place up to 4.5 t into geostationary transfer orbit and Ariane 64 up to 11.5 t.\n\nThe first Ariane 6, a two-booster Ariane 62, flew on 9 July 2024 from a new launch zone at Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana. The first Ariane 64 followed on 12 February 2026, carrying 32 Amazon Leo satellites. Launch Library 2 lists nine launches without a failure as of October 2026.",
	512	"image": {
	513	"url": "https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2024/04/ariane_6_media_kit_cover/26045375-1-eng-GB/Ariane_6_media_kit_cover_pillars.jpg",
	514	"credit": "ESA",
	515	"licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO",
	516	"page": "https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/04/Ariane_6_media_kit_cover",
	517	"caption": "An Ariane 62 on its launch pad at Europe's Spaceport, used as the cover of ESA's Ariane 6 media kit."
	518	},
	519	"drawing": {
	520	"kind": "rocket",
	521	"heightM": 62.0,
	522	"diameterM": 5.4,
	523	"status": "active"
	524	},
	525	"link": {},
	526	"sources": [
	527	{
	528	"title": "ESA: Ariane 6 media kit",
	529	"url": "https://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/STS/ariane-6_media-kit_english.pdf"
	530	},
	531	{
	532	"title": "ESA: More power: first Ariane 6 with four boosters lifts off",
	533	"url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Ariane/More_power_first_Ariane_6_with_four_boosters_lifts_off"
	534	},
	535	{
	536	"title": "ESA: Ariane 6 overview",
	537	"url": "https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_6_overview"
	538	},
	539	{
	540	"title": "Launch Library 2: Ariane 6 configurations",
	541	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Ariane%206&mode=detailed"
	542	}
	543	]
	544	},
	545	{
	546	"id": "soyuz-2",
	547	"section": "rockets",
	548	"title": "Soyuz-2",
	549	"subtitle": "Russia · medium-lift rocket of the R-7 family, 2004–",
	550	"facts": [
	551	{
	552	"label": "Builder",
	553	"value": "TsSKB-Progress (Progress Rocket Space Centre), Samara, Russia",
	554	"source": 0
	555	},
	556	{
	557	"label": "Height",
	558	"value": "46.3 m (Soyuz-2.1a and 2.1b)",
	559	"source": 2
	560	},
	561	{
	562	"label": "Diameter",
	563	"value": "2.95 m core stage; four 2.68 m strap-on boosters",
	564	"source": 0
	565	},
	566	{
	567	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	568	"value": "About 312 t (Soyuz-2.1a)",
	569	"source": 2
	570	},
	571	{
	572	"label": "Payload to low Earth orbit",
	573	"value": "About 8,200 kg (Soyuz-2.1b)",
	574	"source": 2
	575	},
	576	{
	577	"label": "Payload to GTO",
	578	"value": "3,060 kg from French Guiana (Soyuz-2.1b with Fregat)",
	579	"source": 0
	580	},
	581	{
	582	"label": "First flight",
	583	"value": "8 November 2004 (Soyuz-2.1a); 27 December 2006 (Soyuz-2.1b)",
	584	"source": 0
	585	},
	586	{
	587	"label": "Launches",
	588	"value": "210, including the Kourou flights; 7 failures (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	589	"source": 3
	590	}
	591	],
	592	"essay": "Soyuz-2 is the current version of the rocket family that began with the R-7 missile and launched Sputnik and Gagarin. Four strap-on boosters, each 19 m long, surround a 28 m core stage; all five ignite at liftoff and burn kerosene with liquid oxygen. A third stage sits on top, often with a restartable Fregat upper stage. The vehicle is designed and built by the Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara.\n\nThe main change from earlier Soyuz rockets is a digital flight control system, introduced on Soyuz-2.1a, which first flew from Plesetsk on 8 November 2004. Soyuz-2.1b, which first flew on 27 December 2006 carrying the CoRoT telescope, adds the more powerful RD-0124 engine on the third stage.\n\nFrom October 2011 a version called Soyuz-ST also flew from a dedicated pad at Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana, the first Soyuz launches from anywhere other than Baikonur or Plesetsk. Launching close to the equator let it place about 3 t into geostationary transfer orbit, compared with 1.7 t from Baikonur, and its first flight carried two Galileo navigation satellites. Soyuz was withdrawn from French Guiana after a last launch in February 2022. Counting those flights, Launch Library 2 lists 210 Soyuz-2 launches with seven failures.",
	593	"image": {
	594	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202104090005/NHQ202104090005~large.jpg",
	595	"credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls",
	596	"licence": "Public domain",
	597	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/NHQ202104090005",
	598	"caption": "A Soyuz rocket lifts off from Baikonur Cosmodrome with the Soyuz MS-18 spacecraft on 9 April 2021."
	599	},
	600	"drawing": {
	601	"kind": "rocket",
	602	"heightM": 46.3,
	603	"diameterM": 2.95,
	604	"status": "active"
	605	},
	606	"link": {},
	607	"sources": [
	608	{
	609	"title": "ESA Bulletin 132: Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre",
	610	"url": "https://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bulletin132/bul132h_arend.pdf"
	611	},
	612	{
	613	"title": "ESA: Soyuz",
	614	"url": "https://www.esa.int/About_Us/50_years_of_ESA/Soyuz"
	615	},
	616	{
	617	"title": "Launch Library 2: Soyuz 2.1 configurations",
	618	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Soyuz%202.1&mode=detailed"
	619	},
	620	{
	621	"title": "Launch Library 2: Soyuz ST configurations (Kourou)",
	622	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Soyuz%20ST&mode=detailed"
	623	}
	624	]
	625	},
	626	{
	627	"id": "proton-m",
	628	"section": "rockets",
	629	"title": "Proton-M",
	630	"subtitle": "Russia · heavy-lift rocket, 2001–",
	631	"facts": [
	632	{
	633	"label": "Builder",
	634	"value": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, Moscow, Russia",
	635	"source": 1
	636	},
	637	{
	638	"label": "Height",
	639	"value": "58.2 m with the standard commercial fairing (Breeze M upper stage)",
	640	"source": 0
	641	},
	642	{
	643	"label": "Diameter",
	644	"value": "7.4 m across the first stage and its outboard tanks; 4.1 m core",
	645	"source": 1
	646	},
	647	{
	648	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	649	"value": "705 t",
	650	"source": 0
	651	},
	652	{
	653	"label": "Payload to low Earth orbit",
	654	"value": "23.0 t (three stages, 180 km, 51.5°)",
	655	"source": 1
	656	},
	657	{
	658	"label": "Payload to GTO",
	659	"value": "6.27 t (1,500 m/s from geostationary orbit, Breeze M)",
	660	"source": 0
	661	},
	662	{
	663	"label": "First flight",
	664	"value": "7 April 2001",
	665	"source": 2
	666	},
	667	{
	668	"label": "Launches",
	669	"value": "116, 11 failures; most recent 12 February 2026 (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	670	"source": 3
	671	}
	672	],
	673	"essay": "Proton-M is the current version of the Proton, a Soviet and Russian heavy rocket family. It is built by the Khrunichev centre in Moscow. The first stage has a central oxidiser tank surrounded by six outboard fuel tanks, with six RD-276 engines, which gives the rocket its 7.4 m wide base; the upper stages are 4.1 m across. All stages burn nitrogen tetroxide with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine.\n\nWith the Breeze M upper stage on top, Proton-M stands 58.2 m tall and weighs about 705 t at liftoff. The three-stage rocket can put about 23 t into low Earth orbit, and the Breeze M, which can restart several times during a mission lasting about nine hours, delivers communications satellites directly to high orbits. For many years International Launch Services sold it on the commercial market.\n\nProton-M first flew in April 2001. Launch Library 2 records failures in most years between 2006 and 2015, and launches have since become infrequent: two in 2023 and one in 2026. In all it counts 116 Proton-M launches with 11 failures; the most recent, on 12 February 2026, carried the Elektro-L No.5 weather satellite.",
	674	"image": null,
	675	"drawing": {
	676	"kind": "rocket",
	677	"heightM": 58.2,
	678	"diameterM": 7.4,
	679	"status": "active"
	680	},
	681	"link": {},
	682	"sources": [
	683	{
	684	"title": "International Launch Services: Proton Breeze M",
	685	"url": "https://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-vehicle/proton-breeze-m/"
	686	},
	687	{
	688	"title": "ILS Proton Mission Planner's Guide, Section A (rev. 7, 2009)",
	689	"url": "https://www.ilslaunch.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/PMPG%20Section%20A.pdf"
	690	},
	691	{
	692	"title": "Launch Library 2: Proton-M configurations",
	693	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Proton-M&mode=detailed"
	694	},
	695	{
	696	"title": "Launch Library 2: recent Proton launches",
	697	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?search=Proton&mode=list&limit=3&ordering=-net"
	698	}
	699	]
	700	},
	701	{
	702	"id": "long-march-5",
	703	"section": "rockets",
	704	"title": "Long March 5",
	705	"subtitle": "China · heavy-lift rocket, 2016–",
	706	"facts": [
	707	{
	708	"label": "Builder",
	709	"value": "China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CASC), China",
	710	"source": 0
	711	},
	712	{
	713	"label": "Height",
	714	"value": "57 m",
	715	"source": 0
	716	},
	717	{
	718	"label": "Diameter",
	719	"value": "5 m core stage",
	720	"source": 0
	721	},
	722	{
	723	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	724	"value": "867 t",
	725	"source": 0
	726	},
	727	{
	728	"label": "Payload",
	729	"value": "About 25,000 kg to low Earth orbit (Long March 5B); about 14,000 kg to GTO",
	730	"source": 0
	731	},
	732	{
	733	"label": "First flight",
	734	"value": "3 November 2016",
	735	"source": 0
	736	},
	737	{
	738	"label": "Launches",
	739	"value": "18 (Long March 5 and 5B), 1 failure (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	740	"source": 1
	741	},
	742	{
	743	"label": "Launch site",
	744	"value": "Wenchang, Hainan",
	745	"source": 2
	746	}
	747	],
	748	"essay": "Long March 5 is China's heavy-lift rocket, developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology and built by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. It was the first Chinese launcher designed from the start around non-hypergolic propellants, which do not ignite on contact. The core stage is 5 m in diameter, the rocket is 57 m tall, and it weighs about 867 t at liftoff.\n\nThere are two main versions. The standard Long March 5 can send about 14 t to geostationary transfer orbit or launch probes beyond Earth orbit. Long March 5B, which first flew in May 2020, is aimed at low Earth orbit and can carry about 25 t there. The rocket launches from Wenchang, on Hainan island in southern China.\n\nThe first flight took place on 3 November 2016, and the second, in July 2017, failed. On 24 November 2020 a Long March 5 launched the Chang'e-5 mission, the first robotic sample return from the Moon since the Soviet Luna 24 in 1976. Launch Library 2 counts 18 launches of the two versions with that one failure as of October 2026.",
	749	"image": null,
	750	"drawing": {
	751	"kind": "rocket",
	752	"heightM": 57.0,
	753	"diameterM": 5.0,
	754	"status": "active"
	755	},
	756	"link": {},
	757	"sources": [
	758	{
	759	"title": "Launch Library 2: Long March 5",
	760	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/128/"
	761	},
	762	{
	763	"title": "Launch Library 2: Long March 5 configurations",
	764	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Long%20March%205&mode=detailed"
	765	},
	766	{
	767	"title": "NASA APOD: Chang'e 5 Mission Launch (27 November 2020)",
	768	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/image-article/apod-2020-november-27-change-5-mission-launch/"
	769	}
	770	]
	771	},
	772	{
	773	"id": "delta-iv-heavy",
	774	"section": "rockets",
	775	"title": "Delta IV Heavy",
	776	"subtitle": "United Launch Alliance · heavy-lift rocket, 2004–2024",
	777	"facts": [
	778	{
	779	"label": "Builder",
	780	"value": "United Launch Alliance (ULA), United States",
	781	"source": 1
	782	},
	783	{
	784	"label": "Height",
	785	"value": "71 m (233 ft)",
	786	"source": 0
	787	},
	788	{
	789	"label": "Diameter",
	790	"value": "5 m per core; 16 m (53 ft) across all three cores",
	791	"source": 0
	792	},
	793	{
	794	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	795	"value": "About 726 t (1.6 million lb) fully fuelled",
	796	"source": 0
	797	},
	798	{
	799	"label": "Payload",
	800	"value": "28,370 kg to low Earth orbit; 14,210 kg to GTO",
	801	"source": 2
	802	},
	803	{
	804	"label": "First flight",
	805	"value": "21 December 2004",
	806	"source": 2
	807	},
	808	{
	809	"label": "Launches",
	810	"value": "16, 2004–2024; 1 partial failure, the 2004 demonstration flight (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	811	"source": 2
	812	},
	813	{
	814	"label": "Status",
	815	"value": "Retired; final launch 9 April 2024 (NROL-70)",
	816	"source": 1
	817	}
	818	],
	819	"essay": "Delta IV Heavy was the largest member of the Delta IV family. It used three common booster cores side by side, each about 5 m in diameter and powered by a single RS-68 engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. A second stage with one RL10 engine, also burning hydrogen and oxygen, sat on the centre core. The assembled rocket stood 71 m tall, measured 16 m across the three cores and weighed about 726 t when fuelled. Launch Library 2 gives its capacity as about 28 t to low Earth orbit.\n\nThe first flight, a demonstration in December 2004, is recorded as a partial failure; every later launch succeeded. The rocket flew mainly for the US National Reconnaissance Office, which accounted for 12 of its 16 missions. By 2018 the boosters used the upgraded RS-68A engine, producing 702,000 lb of thrust each, and NASA described the rocket as the most powerful it was then using. That year it launched NASA's Parker Solar Probe toward the Sun.\n\nThe sixteenth and final Delta IV Heavy launched NROL-70 from Cape Canaveral on 9 April 2024. That launch ended the Delta rocket line after about 60 years, with ULA moving its heavy missions to the new Vulcan rocket.",
	820	"image": {
	821	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ201808120013/NHQ201808120013~large.jpg",
	822	"credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls",
	823	"licence": "Public domain",
	824	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/NHQ201808120013",
	825	"caption": "A Delta IV Heavy lifts off from Cape Canaveral with NASA's Parker Solar Probe on 12 August 2018."
	826	},
	827	"drawing": {
	828	"kind": "rocket",
	829	"heightM": 71.0,
	830	"diameterM": 5.0,
	831	"status": "retired"
	832	},
	833	"link": {},
	834	"sources": [
	835	{
	836	"title": "ULA: Delta IV Parker Solar Probe",
	837	"url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/missions/archived-launched/delta-iv-parker-solar-probe"
	838	},
	839	{
	840	"title": "ULA: Marking the End of an Era, ULA Launches Final Delta IV Heavy",
	841	"url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news-detail/2024/04/09/marking-the-end-of-an-era-united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-final-delta-iv-heavy-rocket"
	842	},
	843	{
	844	"title": "Launch Library 2: Delta IV Heavy",
	845	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/21/"
	846	},
	847	{
	848	"title": "NASA: Workhorse Rocket to Carry NASA's Parker Solar Probe",
	849	"url": "https://science.nasa.gov/blogs/parker-solar-probe/2018/08/11/workhorse-rocket-to-carry-nasas-parker-solar-probe/"
	850	},
	851	{
	852	"title": "ULA: NRO Mission Launches on the ULA Delta IV Heavy (2013)",
	853	"url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news-detail/2013/08/28/national-reconnaissance-office-mission-successfully-launches-on-world-s-largest-rocket-the-united-launch-alliance-delta-iv-heavy"
	854	}
	855	]
	856	},
	857	{
	858	"id": "atlas-v",
	859	"section": "rockets",
	860	"title": "Atlas V",
	861	"subtitle": "United Launch Alliance · medium- to heavy-lift rocket, 2002–",
	862	"facts": [
	863	{
	864	"label": "Builder",
	865	"value": "United Launch Alliance (ULA), United States",
	866	"source": 1
	867	},
	868	{
	869	"label": "Height",
	870	"value": "About 60 m (197 ft) in the 541 configuration",
	871	"source": 0
	872	},
	873	{
	874	"label": "Diameter",
	875	"value": "3.8 m booster",
	876	"source": 2
	877	},
	878	{
	879	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	880	"value": "About 531,000 kg in the 541 configuration with Mars 2020",
	881	"source": 3
	882	},
	883	{
	884	"label": "Payload",
	885	"value": "Up to 18,850 kg to low Earth orbit and 8,900 kg to GTO (551 configuration)",
	886	"source": 1
	887	},
	888	{
	889	"label": "First flight",
	890	"value": "21 August 2002 (Atlas V 401, Hot Bird 6)",
	891	"source": 2
	892	},
	893	{
	894	"label": "Launches",
	895	"value": "110, no failures recorded (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	896	"source": 4
	897	}
	898	],
	899	"essay": "Atlas V is a two-stage rocket built around a 3.8 m booster powered by a single Russian-built RD-180 engine, which burns kerosene and liquid oxygen and delivers more than 860,000 lb of thrust. The Centaur upper stage burns liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen on one or two RL10 engines. Up to five solid boosters can be strapped to the first stage.\n\nEach version is named with three digits: the fairing diameter in metres (4 or 5), the number of solid boosters, and the number of Centaur engines. An Atlas V 541, for example, has a 5 m fairing, four boosters and one Centaur engine; in that form it stands about 60 m tall. The most powerful version, the 551, can put up to 18,850 kg into low Earth orbit.\n\nThe first Atlas V flew on 21 August 2002. It has carried many NASA planetary missions; five of them went to Mars: the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2005, the Curiosity rover in 2011, MAVEN in 2013, InSight in 2018 and the Perseverance rover in 2020. It also launches Boeing's Starliner capsule with astronauts to the International Space Station. Launch Library 2 lists 110 Atlas V launches without a failure as of October 2026, and more are scheduled.",
	900	"image": {
	901	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/201311180006HQ/201311180006HQ~large.jpg",
	902	"credit": "NASA/Bill Ingalls",
	903	"licence": "Public domain",
	904	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/201311180006HQ",
	905	"caption": "An Atlas V climbs away from Cape Canaveral with NASA's MAVEN spacecraft on 18 November 2013."
	906	},
	907	"drawing": {
	908	"kind": "rocket",
	909	"heightM": 60.0,
	910	"diameterM": 3.8,
	911	"status": "active"
	912	},
	913	"link": {},
	914	"sources": [
	915	{
	916	"title": "NASA JPL: Mars 2020 Perseverance Launch Press Kit, Mission Overview",
	917	"url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/mars_2020/launch/mission/"
	918	},
	919	{
	920	"title": "ULA: Atlas V",
	921	"url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/atlas-v"
	922	},
	923	{
	924	"title": "ULA: Atlas V Launch Services User's Guide (2010)",
	925	"url": "https://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/default-source/rockets/atlasvusersguide2010a.pdf?sfvrsn=f84bb59e_2"
	926	},
	927	{
	928	"title": "NASA JPL: Mars 2020 Perseverance Launch Press Kit, Quick Facts",
	929	"url": "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/mars_2020/launch/quick_facts/"
	930	},
	931	{
	932	"title": "Launch Library 2: Atlas V configurations",
	933	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Atlas%20V&mode=detailed"
	934	}
	935	]
	936	},
	937	{
	938	"id": "falcon-9",
	939	"section": "rockets",
	940	"title": "Falcon 9",
	941	"subtitle": "SpaceX · reusable medium-lift rocket, 2010–",
	942	"facts": [
	943	{
	944	"label": "Builder",
	945	"value": "SpaceX, United States",
	946	"source": 0
	947	},
	948	{
	949	"label": "Height",
	950	"value": "70 m (229.6 ft)",
	951	"source": 0
	952	},
	953	{
	954	"label": "Diameter",
	955	"value": "3.7 m (12 ft)",
	956	"source": 0
	957	},
	958	{
	959	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	960	"value": "549,054 kg",
	961	"source": 0
	962	},
	963	{
	964	"label": "Payload",
	965	"value": "22,800 kg to low Earth orbit; 8,300 kg to GTO; 4,020 kg to Mars",
	966	"source": 0
	967	},
	968	{
	969	"label": "First flight",
	970	"value": "4 June 2010",
	971	"source": 1
	972	},
	973	{
	974	"label": "Launches",
	975	"value": "697, 4 failures or partial failures, including the 2016 pre-launch loss of Amos-6 (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	976	"source": 1
	977	}
	978	],
	979	"essay": "Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket built by SpaceX. Both stages burn rocket-grade kerosene with liquid oxygen: the first stage has nine Merlin engines and the second a single Merlin Vacuum engine that can restart several times to drop payloads in different orbits. The current version stands 70 m tall, weighs about 549 t at liftoff and can lift up to 22,800 kg to low Earth orbit.\n\nThe first stage is designed to be reused. After separation it uses four grid fins at the top of the stage to steer as it falls back through the atmosphere, then lands upright on deployable legs. The fairing halves are also recovered for reuse. SpaceX describes Falcon 9 as the first orbital-class rocket capable of reflight, which lets it fly the most expensive part of the rocket again.\n\nFalcon 9 first flew on 4 June 2010. It carries satellites of all kinds as well as the Dragon spacecraft, which takes cargo and NASA astronauts to the International Space Station. Launch Library 2 counts 697 Falcon 9 launches across all versions as of October 2026, with four failures or partial failures. One of these was the loss of a rocket and its Amos-6 satellite on the pad before launch in 2016, and the most recent was in July 2024.",
	980	"image": {
	981	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-20240928-PH-JBS01_0046/KSC-20240928-PH-JBS01_0046~large.jpg",
	982	"credit": "NASA/Ben Smegelsky",
	983	"licence": "Public domain",
	984	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-20240928-PH-JBS01_0046",
	985	"caption": "A Falcon 9 lifts off from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station on NASA's SpaceX Crew-9 mission on 28 September 2024."
	986	},
	987	"drawing": {
	988	"kind": "rocket",
	989	"heightM": 70.0,
	990	"diameterM": 3.7,
	991	"status": "active"
	992	},
	993	"link": {},
	994	"sources": [
	995	{
	996	"title": "SpaceX: Falcon 9",
	997	"url": "https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-9/"
	998	},
	999	{
	1000	"title": "Launch Library 2: Falcon 9 configurations",
	1001	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Falcon%209&mode=detailed"
	1002	}
	1003	]
	1004	},
	1005	{
	1006	"id": "falcon-heavy",
	1007	"section": "rockets",
	1008	"title": "Falcon Heavy",
	1009	"subtitle": "SpaceX · reusable heavy-lift rocket, 2018–",
	1010	"facts": [
	1011	{
	1012	"label": "Builder",
	1013	"value": "SpaceX, United States",
	1014	"source": 0
	1015	},
	1016	{
	1017	"label": "Height",
	1018	"value": "70 m (229.6 ft)",
	1019	"source": 0
	1020	},
	1021	{
	1022	"label": "Width",
	1023	"value": "12.2 m across the three cores; each core 3.7 m",
	1024	"source": 0
	1025	},
	1026	{
	1027	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	1028	"value": "1,420,788 kg",
	1029	"source": 0
	1030	},
	1031	{
	1032	"label": "Payload",
	1033	"value": "63,800 kg to low Earth orbit; 26,700 kg to GTO; 16,800 kg to Mars",
	1034	"source": 0
	1035	},
	1036	{
	1037	"label": "First flight",
	1038	"value": "6 February 2018",
	1039	"source": 1
	1040	},
	1041	{
	1042	"label": "Launches",
	1043	"value": "14, no failures (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	1044	"source": 1
	1045	}
	1046	],
	1047	"essay": "Falcon Heavy is three Falcon 9 first stages strapped together with a single Falcon 9 second stage on the centre core. Its 27 Merlin engines produce more than 5 million lb of thrust at liftoff. It is 70 m tall and 12.2 m wide across the three cores, and weighs about 1,420 t at liftoff. It can lift 63,800 kg to low Earth orbit, 26,700 kg to geostationary transfer orbit or 16,800 kg to Mars.\n\nThe three cores are joined at the nose cone, the interstage and the engine section. Shortly after liftoff the centre core throttles down to save propellant. The two side boosters separate first, after which the centre core returns to full thrust. Like Falcon 9 first stages, the cores carry grid fins and are designed to be recovered, and the fairing halves are also recovered.\n\nFalcon Heavy first flew on 6 February 2018. Its customers include NASA, which used it to launch the Psyche spacecraft toward a metal-rich asteroid in October 2023. Launch Library 2 counts 14 launches without a failure as of October 2026.",
	1048	"image": {
	1049	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202310110006/NHQ202310110006~large.jpg",
	1050	"credit": "NASA/Aubrey Gemignani",
	1051	"licence": "Public domain",
	1052	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/NHQ202310110006",
	1053	"caption": "A Falcon Heavy with NASA's Psyche spacecraft stands on Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center in October 2023."
	1054	},
	1055	"drawing": {
	1056	"kind": "rocket",
	1057	"heightM": 70.0,
	1058	"diameterM": 3.7,
	1059	"status": "active"
	1060	},
	1061	"link": {},
	1062	"sources": [
	1063	{
	1064	"title": "SpaceX: Falcon Heavy",
	1065	"url": "https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-heavy/"
	1066	},
	1067	{
	1068	"title": "Launch Library 2: Falcon Heavy",
	1069	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/161/"
	1070	},
	1071	{
	1072	"title": "NASA image: Psyche Launch",
	1073	"url": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/NHQ202310130017"
	1074	}
	1075	]
	1076	},
	1077	{
	1078	"id": "starship",
	1079	"section": "rockets",
	1080	"title": "Starship (Super Heavy and Ship)",
	1081	"subtitle": "SpaceX · fully reusable super heavy-lift rocket, in testing since 2023",
	1082	"facts": [
	1083	{
	1084	"label": "Builder",
	1085	"value": "SpaceX, United States",
	1086	"source": 0
	1087	},
	1088	{
	1089	"label": "Height",
	1090	"value": "124 m (407 ft): Super Heavy 72 m, Ship 52 m",
	1091	"source": 0
	1092	},
	1093	{
	1094	"label": "Diameter",
	1095	"value": "9 m (29.5 ft)",
	1096	"source": 0
	1097	},
	1098	{
	1099	"label": "Propellant",
	1100	"value": "3,650 t in Super Heavy and 1,600 t in the Ship (liquid methane and liquid oxygen)",
	1101	"source": 0
	1102	},
	1103	{
	1104	"label": "Payload",
	1105	"value": "More than 100 t to orbit, fully reusable (design)",
	1106	"source": 0
	1107	},
	1108	{
	1109	"label": "First flight",
	1110	"value": "20 April 2023",
	1111	"source": 1
	1112	},
	1113	{
	1114	"label": "Test flights",
	1115	"value": "14 integrated flights; Launch Library 2 records 9 successes and 5 failures or partial failures (as of 18 October 2026)",
	1116	"source": 1
	1117	},
	1118	{
	1119	"label": "Status",
	1120	"value": "In development",
	1121	"source": 1
	1122	}
	1123	],
	1124	"essay": "Starship is SpaceX's two-stage launch system, designed so that both stages can be recovered and flown again. The first stage, Super Heavy, is 72 m tall and has 33 Raptor engines burning liquid methane and liquid oxygen. The upper stage, also called Starship or the Ship, is 52 m tall and has three sea-level Raptors and three vacuum-optimised ones. Stacked, the two stages are 124 m tall and 9 m in diameter. SpaceX describes it as the most powerful launch vehicle ever developed.\n\nInstead of landing on legs, Super Heavy is designed to return to the launch site and be caught by the launch tower, then flown again without refurbishment. SpaceX's stated goal is more than 100 t to orbit with both stages reused. Tanker versions of the Ship, without windows, are planned to refuel other Ships in low Earth orbit so that they can carry several hundred tonnes of cargo on to Mars.\n\nDevelopment, manufacturing and launches take place at Starbase in southern Texas. The first integrated flight test, on 20 April 2023, failed. SpaceX has flown three successive versions since; Launch Library 2 counts 14 integrated flights to October 2026, nine of them successful, including all three flights of the third version in 2026. The system is still in its test phase.",
	1125	"image": {
	1126	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/iss072e220043/iss072e220043~large.jpg",
	1127	"credit": "NASA/Don Pettit",
	1128	"licence": "Public domain",
	1129	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/iss072e220043",
	1130	"caption": "The exhaust plume of Starship's sixth flight test, launched from Starbase in Texas, photographed from the International Space Station on 19 November 2024."
	1131	},
	1132	"drawing": {
	1133	"kind": "rocket",
	1134	"heightM": 124.0,
	1135	"diameterM": 9.0,
	1136	"status": "in development"
	1137	},
	1138	"link": {},
	1139	"sources": [
	1140	{
	1141	"title": "SpaceX: Starship",
	1142	"url": "https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/"
	1143	},
	1144	{
	1145	"title": "Launch Library 2: Starship configurations (flight counts use V1, V2 and V3; the Starship Prototype hops are excluded)",
	1146	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=Starship&mode=detailed"
	1147	}
	1148	]
	1149	},
	1150	{
	1151	"id": "sls-block-1",
	1152	"section": "rockets",
	1153	"title": "SLS Block 1",
	1154	"subtitle": "NASA · super heavy-lift Moon rocket, 2022–",
	1155	"facts": [
	1156	{
	1157	"label": "Builder",
	1158	"value": "NASA, with Boeing (core stage), Northrop Grumman (boosters) and L3Harris (RS-25 engines); United States",
	1159	"source": 0
	1160	},
	1161	{
	1162	"label": "Height",
	1163	"value": "98.1 m (322 ft)",
	1164	"source": 0
	1165	},
	1166	{
	1167	"label": "Diameter",
	1168	"value": "8.4 m (27.6 ft) core stage",
	1169	"source": 0
	1170	},
	1171	{
	1172	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	1173	"value": "About 2,608 t (5.75 million lb)",
	1174	"source": 0
	1175	},
	1176	{
	1177	"label": "Payload",
	1178	"value": "More than 27 t (59,500 lb) to the Moon",
	1179	"source": 0
	1180	},
	1181	{
	1182	"label": "First flight",
	1183	"value": "16 November 2022 (Artemis I)",
	1184	"source": 1
	1185	},
	1186	{
	1187	"label": "Launches",
	1188	"value": "2, both successful: Artemis I (2022) and Artemis II (2026) (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	1189	"source": 1
	1190	}
	1191	],
	1192	"essay": "The Space Launch System is NASA's rocket for the Artemis Moon missions, the only one able to send the Orion crew capsule, astronauts and cargo to the Moon in a single launch. Block 1, the first version, uses a core stage 8.4 m in diameter with four RS-25 engines, drawn from an inventory of 16 former Space Shuttle engines upgraded for SLS. Two shuttle-derived solid rocket boosters provide more than 75 percent of the thrust during the first two minutes. An interim cryogenic propulsion stage with a single RL10 engine then sends Orion out of Earth orbit.\n\nThe assembled rocket is 98 m tall, weighs about 2,600 t and produces 8.8 million lb of thrust at liftoff, about 15 percent more than the Saturn V. It can send more than 27 t to the Moon.\n\nArtemis I flew without a crew on 16 November 2022. On 1 April 2026 the second SLS launched Artemis II, the first crewed flight of SLS and Orion, sending four astronauts around the Moon and back. NASA is preparing further Block 1 launches, and a more powerful Block 1B with a larger upper stage is in development.",
	1193	"image": {
	1194	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/NHQ202211160030/NHQ202211160030~large.jpg",
	1195	"credit": "NASA/Joel Kowsky",
	1196	"licence": "Public domain",
	1197	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/NHQ202211160030",
	1198	"caption": "The first SLS lifts off from Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center on Artemis I, 16 November 2022."
	1199	},
	1200	"drawing": {
	1201	"kind": "rocket",
	1202	"heightM": 98.1,
	1203	"diameterM": 8.4,
	1204	"status": "active"
	1205	},
	1206	"link": {},
	1207	"sources": [
	1208	{
	1209	"title": "NASA: SLS (Space Launch System) fact sheet, December 2025",
	1210	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/sls-5640-sls-fact-sheet-dec2025-508.pdf"
	1211	},
	1212	{
	1213	"title": "Launch Library 2: Space Launch System Block 1",
	1214	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/143/"
	1215	},
	1216	{
	1217	"title": "NASA: Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission",
	1218	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/"
	1219	},
	1220	{
	1221	"title": "NASA: Space Launch System",
	1222	"url": "https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/space-launch-system/"
	1223	}
	1224	]
	1225	},
	1226	{
	1227	"id": "new-glenn",
	1228	"section": "rockets",
	1229	"title": "New Glenn",
	1230	"subtitle": "Blue Origin · partly reusable heavy-lift rocket, 2025–",
	1231	"facts": [
	1232	{
	1233	"label": "Builder",
	1234	"value": "Blue Origin, United States",
	1235	"source": 0
	1236	},
	1237	{
	1238	"label": "Height",
	1239	"value": "More than 98 m (320 ft)",
	1240	"source": 0
	1241	},
	1242	{
	1243	"label": "Diameter",
	1244	"value": "7 m",
	1245	"source": 0
	1246	},
	1247	{
	1248	"label": "Payload",
	1249	"value": "45 t to low Earth orbit; more than 13 t to GTO",
	1250	"source": 0
	1251	},
	1252	{
	1253	"label": "Engines",
	1254	"value": "Seven BE-4 (liquefied natural gas and liquid oxygen) on the first stage; two BE-3U (liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen) on the second",
	1255	"source": 0
	1256	},
	1257	{
	1258	"label": "First flight",
	1259	"value": "16 January 2025",
	1260	"source": 1
	1261	},
	1262	{
	1263	"label": "Launches",
	1264	"value": "3, 1 failure (19 April 2026) (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	1265	"source": 1
	1266	}
	1267	],
	1268	"essay": "New Glenn is Blue Origin's orbital rocket, named after John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth. It is more than 98 m tall and 7 m in diameter, and its 7 m payload fairing has about twice the volume of the 5 m fairings used on most large rockets. The first stage has seven BE-4 engines burning liquefied natural gas with liquid oxygen; two of the same engines power ULA's Vulcan. The second stage has two restartable BE-3U engines burning liquid hydrogen.\n\nThe first stage is designed for at least 25 flights. After separation it descends to a landing ship about 1,000 km downrange, using strakes along its side for lift and four fins for control. New Glenn can carry 45 t to low Earth orbit or more than 13 t to geostationary transfer orbit. It is built near Kennedy Space Center and launched from Launch Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral.\n\nThe first flight, on 16 January 2025, reached orbit. On the second, on 13 November 2025, it launched NASA's twin ESCAPADE spacecraft toward Mars, and the first stage landed on the ship for the first time. The third flight, on 19 April 2026, failed.",
	1269	"image": null,
	1270	"drawing": {
	1271	"kind": "rocket",
	1272	"heightM": 98.0,
	1273	"diameterM": 7.0,
	1274	"status": "active"
	1275	},
	1276	"link": {},
	1277	"sources": [
	1278	{
	1279	"title": "Blue Origin: New Glenn",
	1280	"url": "https://www.blueorigin.com/new-glenn"
	1281	},
	1282	{
	1283	"title": "Launch Library 2: New Glenn",
	1284	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/138/"
	1285	},
	1286	{
	1287	"title": "NASA image: NASA's ESCAPADE Launch on Blue Origin's NG-2",
	1288	"url": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-20251113-PH-BLU01_0009"
	1289	}
	1290	]
	1291	},
	1292	{
	1293	"id": "electron",
	1294	"section": "rockets",
	1295	"title": "Electron",
	1296	"subtitle": "Rocket Lab · small launch vehicle, 2017–",
	1297	"facts": [
	1298	{
	1299	"label": "Builder",
	1300	"value": "Rocket Lab",
	1301	"source": 0
	1302	},
	1303	{
	1304	"label": "Height",
	1305	"value": "18 m (59 ft)",
	1306	"source": 0
	1307	},
	1308	{
	1309	"label": "Diameter",
	1310	"value": "1.2 m (3.9 ft)",
	1311	"source": 0
	1312	},
	1313	{
	1314	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	1315	"value": "13,000 kg",
	1316	"source": 0
	1317	},
	1318	{
	1319	"label": "Payload to low Earth orbit",
	1320	"value": "300 kg",
	1321	"source": 0
	1322	},
	1323	{
	1324	"label": "First flight",
	1325	"value": "25 May 2017",
	1326	"source": 1
	1327	},
	1328	{
	1329	"label": "Launches",
	1330	"value": "97, 4 failures (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	1331	"source": 1
	1332	}
	1333	],
	1334	"essay": "Electron is a small two-stage rocket built by Rocket Lab for dedicated launches of small satellites. It is 18 m tall and 1.2 m in diameter, weighs about 13 t at liftoff and can place up to 300 kg in low Earth orbit. The structure is made of carbon composite, and both stages burn kerosene with liquid oxygen.\n\nRocket Lab describes its Rutherford engine as the first 3D-printed, electric-pump-fed rocket engine: electric motors, rather than a turbine, drive the propellant pumps. The first stage has nine Rutherfords and the second stage a single vacuum version. An optional third stage, the Kick Stage, can deliver satellites to several orbits or inclinations on one flight, raise them to higher altitudes or carry hosted payloads. Rocket Lab also calls Electron the only reusable-capable small launch vehicle.\n\nBecause Electron is small, a single customer can buy a whole launch and choose the orbit and launch date rather than sharing a ride on a larger rocket. Rocket Lab operates three dedicated launch pads for it. The first flight, on 25 May 2017, failed to reach orbit. Launch Library 2 counts 97 Electron launches with four failures as of October 2026, the same launch total that Rocket Lab lists.",
	1335	"image": null,
	1336	"drawing": {
	1337	"kind": "rocket",
	1338	"heightM": 18.0,
	1339	"diameterM": 1.2,
	1340	"status": "active"
	1341	},
	1342	"link": {},
	1343	"sources": [
	1344	{
	1345	"title": "Rocket Lab: Electron",
	1346	"url": "https://rocketlabcorp.com/launch/electron/"
	1347	},
	1348	{
	1349	"title": "Launch Library 2: Electron",
	1350	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/26/"
	1351	}
	1352	]
	1353	},
	1354	{
	1355	"id": "h3",
	1356	"section": "rockets",
	1357	"title": "H3",
	1358	"subtitle": "JAXA / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries · medium- to heavy-lift rocket, 2023–",
	1359	"facts": [
	1360	{
	1361	"label": "Builder",
	1362	"value": "JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan",
	1363	"source": 1
	1364	},
	1365	{
	1366	"label": "Height",
	1367	"value": "63 m with the long fairing; 57 m with the short fairing",
	1368	"source": 0
	1369	},
	1370	{
	1371	"label": "Diameter",
	1372	"value": "5.2 m",
	1373	"source": 0
	1374	},
	1375	{
	1376	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	1377	"value": "575 t (H3-24L)",
	1378	"source": 0
	1379	},
	1380	{
	1381	"label": "Payload",
	1382	"value": "At least 4 t to Sun-synchronous orbit (500 km); at least 6.5 t to GTO (1,500 m/s from GEO)",
	1383	"source": 0
	1384	},
	1385	{
	1386	"label": "First flight",
	1387	"value": "7 March 2023 (failed)",
	1388	"source": 2
	1389	},
	1390	{
	1391	"label": "Launches",
	1392	"value": "9, 2 failures (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	1393	"source": 2
	1394	}
	1395	],
	1396	"essay": "H3 is Japan's main launch vehicle, developed by JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries to replace the H-IIA. Its aims were lower cost, shorter preparation time and enough flexibility to win commercial launches as well as government ones. Each H3 is built from a set of options: two or three LE-9 engines on the first stage, zero, two or four SRB-3 solid boosters, and a short or long fairing. The designation lists these choices, so an H3-24L has two LE-9 engines, four boosters and the long fairing.\n\nThe LE-9 needed more thrust than any liquid-fuelled engine Japan had built before. To keep it simple and reliable it uses an expander bleed cycle, a method JAXA developed on its LE-5 engine series, which reduces the number of parts and makes the engine less prone to abnormal combustion; some parts are 3D-printed. The rocket is 5.2 m in diameter and 63 m tall with the long fairing, and in the H3-24L configuration weighs about 575 t at liftoff. It can place at least 6.5 t into geostationary transfer orbit.\n\nThe first H3 failed on 7 March 2023. Most later flights have succeeded, including the first flight of the H3-30, with three LE-9 engines and no boosters, on 12 June 2026. Launch Library 2 counts nine launches with two failures as of October 2026. H3 flies from the Tanegashima Space Center.",
	1397	"image": null,
	1398	"drawing": {
	1399	"kind": "rocket",
	1400	"heightM": 63.0,
	1401	"diameterM": 5.2,
	1402	"status": "active"
	1403	},
	1404	"link": {},
	1405	"sources": [
	1406	{
	1407	"title": "JAXA: H3ロケット諸元・能力 (H3 specifications)",
	1408	"url": "https://www.rocket.jaxa.jp/rocket/h3/system.html"
	1409	},
	1410	{
	1411	"title": "JAXA: H3 Launch Vehicle",
	1412	"url": "https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/h3/"
	1413	},
	1414	{
	1415	"title": "Launch Library 2: H3 configurations",
	1416	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=H3&mode=detailed"
	1417	}
	1418	]
	1419	},
	1420	{
	1421	"id": "pslv",
	1422	"section": "rockets",
	1423	"title": "PSLV",
	1424	"subtitle": "ISRO · medium-lift rocket, 1993–",
	1425	"facts": [
	1426	{
	1427	"label": "Builder",
	1428	"value": "Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India",
	1429	"source": 0
	1430	},
	1431	{
	1432	"label": "Height",
	1433	"value": "44 m",
	1434	"source": 0
	1435	},
	1436	{
	1437	"label": "Diameter",
	1438	"value": "2.8 m",
	1439	"source": 0
	1440	},
	1441	{
	1442	"label": "Mass at liftoff",
	1443	"value": "320 t (PSLV-XL)",
	1444	"source": 0
	1445	},
	1446	{
	1447	"label": "Payload",
	1448	"value": "1,750 kg to a 600 km Sun-synchronous polar orbit; 1,425 kg to sub-GTO",
	1449	"source": 0
	1450	},
	1451	{
	1452	"label": "First flight",
	1453	"value": "20 September 1993",
	1454	"source": 0
	1455	},
	1456	{
	1457	"label": "Launches",
	1458	"value": "64, 5 failures or partial failures (Launch Library 2, as of 18 October 2026)",
	1459	"source": 1
	1460	}
	1461	],
	1462	"essay": "The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is India's long-serving medium launcher and the first Indian rocket with liquid-fuelled stages. ISRO designed it to put Indian remote-sensing satellites into Sun-synchronous polar orbits, and it can carry 1,750 kg to such an orbit at 600 km. It is 44 m tall and 2.8 m in diameter.\n\nThe four stages alternate between solid and liquid propulsion. The first stage is the S139 solid motor with 139 t of propellant, the second the liquid Vikas engine, the third a solid motor, and the fourth two small liquid engines that place the payload precisely. Up to six solid strap-on boosters can be added: the XL version, with six, weighs 320 t at liftoff, while the core-alone version has none.\n\nThe first PSLV, launched on 20 September 1993, failed, and the first success came in October 1994. The rocket has since launched many Indian and foreign satellites, as well as Chandrayaan-1 to the Moon in 2008 and the Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013. On the PSLV-C37 flight it carried a Cartosat-2 series satellite and 103 smaller satellites. Launch Library 2 counts 64 launches with five failures, two of them in 2025 and 2026.",
	1463	"image": {
	1464	"url": "https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/KSC-08pd3405/KSC-08pd3405~large.jpg",
	1465	"credit": "NASA",
	1466	"licence": "Public domain",
	1467	"page": "https://images.nasa.gov/details/KSC-08pd3405",
	1468	"caption": "A PSLV lifts off from Sriharikota, India, with Chandrayaan-1 on 22 October 2008."
	1469	},
	1470	"drawing": {
	1471	"kind": "rocket",
	1472	"heightM": 44.0,
	1473	"diameterM": 2.8,
	1474	"status": "active"
	1475	},
	1476	"link": {},
	1477	"sources": [
	1478	{
	1479	"title": "ISRO: PSLV",
	1480	"url": "https://www.isro.gov.in/PSLV_CON.html"
	1481	},
	1482	{
	1483	"title": "Launch Library 2: PSLV configurations",
	1484	"url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/?search=PSLV&mode=detailed"
	1485	}
	1486	]
	1487	}
	1488	]

Packages/MoonriseKit/Tests/LibraryTests/LibraryTests.swift +1 −1

	@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func pageFollowsTheBrief(_ p: LibraryPage) {
28	#expect(image.url.scheme == "https", "\(p.id): image URL")	28	#expect(image.url.scheme == "https", "\(p.id): image URL")
29	#expect(!image.credit.isEmpty, "\(p.id): image credit")	29	#expect(!image.credit.isEmpty, "\(p.id): image credit")
30	} else {	30	} else {
31	#expect([.constellations, .stars, .missions].contains(p.section), "\(p.id): missing image")	31	#expect([.constellations, .stars, .missions, .rockets].contains(p.section), "\(p.id): missing image")
32	}	32	}
33	}	33	}
34		34

docs/library-content.org +4 −2

 #+end_src
 - =id=: lowercase, hyphenated, unique across all sections (e.g. =m42=, =ori=, =sirius=, =voyager-1=).
-- =section=: one of =sun=, =planets=, =dwarf-planets=, =moons=, =constellations=, =stars=, =deep-sky=, =missions=.
+- =section=: one of =sun=, =planets=, =dwarf-planets=, =moons=, =constellations=, =stars=, =deep-sky=, =missions=, =exoplanets=, =rockets=.
 - =facts=: 4–8 items. Every fact has =source=, an index into =sources=. Units in SI or AU, with conversions where helpful. Use tabular style: "10 h 33 m", "29.4 Earth years".
 - =sources=: 1–5 items, primary or authoritative (NASA NSSDC fact sheets, NASA science pages, JPL, IAU, ESA, NOIRLab, SIMBAD). Every URL must return HTTP 200 when checked.
-- =image=: optional only for constellations, stars and missions when no verifiable image exists (set to =null=).
+- =image=: optional only for constellations, stars, missions and rockets when no verifiable image exists (set to =null=).
 - =drawing=: per section:
   - planets, dwarf planets, moons, sun: ={"kind": "planet", "radiusKm", "rings", "axialTiltDeg", "color"}=; =color= is a representative hex.
   - constellations: ={"kind": "constellation"}= (the app draws the figure from its line data).
   - stars: ={"kind": "star", "spectralType": "A1V", "colorIndex": 0.0}= (B−V).
   - deep sky: ={"kind": "deep-sky", "type": "galaxy|globular|open|nebula|planetary|supernova-remnant", "sizeArcmin": 90}=.
   - missions: ={"kind": "mission", "status": "active|complete|lost", "launch": "1977-09-05"}=.
+  - exoplanets: ={"kind": "exoplanet", "radiusEarth": 1.07, "orbitAU": 0.0485, "starTempK": 2566}= (omit a field if no measured value).
+  - rockets: ={"kind": "rocket", "heightM": 70.0, "diameterM": 3.7, "status": "active|retired|in development"}=.
 - =link=: what the page describes in the rest of the app: ={"body": "mars"}=, ={"constellation": "Ori"}= (IAU abbreviation), ={"hr": 2491}= (Bright Star Catalogue number), ={"messier": 42}=, ={"spacecraft": "Voyager 1"}=, or ={}=.
 * Essay voice

scripts/check-library.py +7 −3

 PAGES = pathlib.Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "Packages/MoonriseKit/Sources/Library/Resources/pages"
 UA = {"User-Agent": "moonrise-library-check (sh.krz.moonrise)"}
+BLOCKS_SCRIPTS = ("https://www.loc.gov/item/", "https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/", "https://rocketlabcorp.com/", "https://www.blueorigin.com/", "https://blueorigin.com/")
+# Launch Library 2 allows 15 anonymous requests an hour; its pages are not checked here.
+SKIP = ("https://ll.thespacedevs.com/",)
 def status(url, image=False):
     checks = []
     for name, p in pages:
         for s in p.get("sources", []):
-            checks.append((p["id"], "source", s["url"], False))
+            if not s["url"].startswith(SKIP):
+                checks.append((p["id"], "source", s["url"], False))
         if p.get("image"):
             checks.append((p["id"], "image", p["image"]["url"], True))
             checks.append((p["id"], "image page", p["image"]["page"], False))
     with ThreadPoolExecutor(8) as pool:
         results = list(pool.map(lambda c: (c, status(c[2], c[3])), checks))
     for (pid, kind, url, _), st in results:
-        # loc.gov item pages send scripts to a bot check (403); the items exist.
+        # Sites that refuse scripts (403/429) but load in a browser.
-        if st == 403 and kind == "image page" and url.startswith("https://www.loc.gov/item/"):
+        if st in (403, 429) and any(url.startswith(p) for p in BLOCKS_SCRIPTS):
             continue
         if st != 200:
             problems.append(f"{pid}: {kind} {st} {url}")

Commit b0a4ffee6e

Commit `b0a4ffee6e`