App/Sources/SolarSystem3D.swift
953 lines · 44947 bytes
50 symbols in this file
SolarScaleSolarPlanetpositionSolarMoonnumberSolarMappingpointaxesradiusmoonDistanceSolarCameraprojectdistanceSolarWeatherSolarLayersSolarMarkerKindSolarSceneEntitiesSolarSystem3DViewmarkersdotbuildloadTexturesplaceplaceorbitShownrebuildOrbitsIfNeededsetrebuildPathsIfNeededrebuildDebrisIfNeededribbonannulusnightShellscreenPointspixelRadiuslabelledranklabelstapdetailsfromSuncardlightTimeresetViewfitDistanceflyanimateCameraloadWeatherSeededRandomnext
1import Feeds
2import Library
3import RealityKit
4import SkyEngine
5import SkyRenderer
6import SwiftUI
7import UIKit
8
9/// How distances and sizes are drawn in the 3D solar system.
10enum SolarScale: String, CaseIterable, Identifiable {
11 /// Distances raised to the power 0.4 and sizes enlarged, so everything fits and can be seen.
12 case compressed
13 /// Distances and sizes both true (1 AU = 1 scene metre); planets need markers to be found.
14 case trueScale
15 var id: String { rawValue }
16 var name: String { self == .compressed ? "Compressed" : "True scale" }
17}
18
19/// One of the Sun's planets, with what the scene needs to draw it.
20struct SolarPlanet: Identifiable, Sendable {
21 var id: String
22 var body: Body?
23 var radiusKm: Double
24 var color: String
25 var tiltDeg: Double
26 var periodDays: Double
27
28 static let all: [SolarPlanet] = [
29 ("mercury", Body.mercury, 88.0), ("venus", .venus, 224.7), ("earth", nil, 365.25), ("mars", .mars, 687.0),
30 ("jupiter", .jupiter, 4332.6), ("saturn", .saturn, 10_759.2), ("uranus", .uranus, 30_688.5), ("neptune", .neptune, 60_182.0),
31 ].compactMap { id, body, period in
32 guard let d = Library.page(id: id)?.drawing else { return nil }
33 return SolarPlanet(id: id, body: body, radiusKm: d.radiusKm ?? 6371, color: d.color ?? "#cccccc", tiltDeg: d.axialTiltDeg ?? 0, periodDays: period)
34 }
35
36 /// Pluto, which Astronomy Engine covers, drawn with the dwarf planets.
37 static let pluto: SolarPlanet? = Library.page(id: "pluto")?.drawing.map {
38 SolarPlanet(id: "pluto", body: .pluto, radiusKm: $0.radiusKm ?? 1188, color: $0.color ?? "#cdb79e", tiltDeg: $0.axialTiltDeg ?? 0, periodDays: 90_560)
39 }
40
41 /// Heliocentric position on J2000 ecliptic axes, AU.
42 func position(at date: Date) -> SIMD3<Double> {
43 if let body { return (try? SkyEngine.heliocentricEcliptic(body, at: date)) ?? .zero }
44 return (try? SkyEngine.heliocentricEarth(at: date)) ?? .zero
45 }
46}
47
48/// A moon from its Library page: exact positions for Earth's Moon and Jupiter's four big moons,
49/// a circular orbit in the planet's equator plane (at an arbitrary starting point) for the rest.
50struct SolarMoon: Identifiable, Sendable {
51 var id: String
52 var parent: String
53 var distanceKm: Double
54 var periodDays: Double
55 var radiusKm: Double
56 var color: String
57
58 static let galilean = ["io", "europa", "ganymede", "callisto"]
59
60 static let all: [SolarMoon] = Library.pages(in: .moons).compactMap { p in
61 guard let dist = p.facts.first(where: { $0.label.hasPrefix("Mean distance from") }),
62 let period = p.facts.first(where: { $0.label.hasPrefix("Orbital period") }),
63 let km = number(dist.value), let days = number(period.value) else { return nil }
64 let parent = dist.label.replacingOccurrences(of: "Mean distance from ", with: "").lowercased()
65 let retrograde = p.facts.contains { $0.value == "Retrograde" }
66 return SolarMoon(id: p.id, parent: parent, distanceKm: km, periodDays: retrograde ? -days : days,
67 radiusKm: p.drawing?.radiusKm ?? 100, color: p.drawing?.color ?? "#999999")
68 }
69
70 /// 1070400 from "1,070,400 km"; 0.319 from "0.319 days (7 h 39 m)".
71 static func number(_ s: String) -> Double? {
72 s.split(separator: " ").first.flatMap { Double($0.replacingOccurrences(of: ",", with: "")) }
73 }
74
75 var isExact: Bool { id == "moon" || Self.galilean.contains(id) }
76}
77
78/// Maps ecliptic AU to scene metres (y up) and gives drawn radii for each scale.
79struct SolarMapping {
80 var scale: SolarScale
81
82 static let auKm = 1.495978707e8
83 static let sunRadiusKm = 695_700.0
84
85 func point(_ v: SIMD3<Double>) -> SIMD3<Float> {
86 let r = (v * v).sum().squareRoot()
87 guard r > 0 else { return .zero }
88 let d = scale == .compressed ? 1.6 * pow(r, 0.4) : r
89 let u = v / r * d
90 return SIMD3(Float(u.x), Float(u.z), Float(-u.y))
91 }
92
93 /// Ecliptic axes to scene axes without changing length.
94 static func axes(_ v: SIMD3<Double>) -> SIMD3<Float> { SIMD3(Float(v.x), Float(v.z), Float(-v.y)) }
95
96 func radius(km: Double) -> Float {
97 scale == .compressed ? Float(0.09 * pow(km / 6371, 0.45)) : Float(km / Self.auKm)
98 }
99
100 /// How far from its planet a moon is drawn: log-squeezed in compressed scale, true otherwise.
101 func moonDistance(km: Double, planetRadiusKm: Double) -> Float {
102 scale == .compressed
103 ? radius(km: planetRadiusKm) * Float(1.2 + 1.6 * log10(max(km / planetRadiusKm, 1.5)))
104 : Float(km / Self.auKm)
105 }
106
107 var sunRadius: Float { scale == .compressed ? 0.35 : Float(Self.sunRadiusKm / Self.auKm) }
108}
109
110/// Orbit camera around a target point.
111struct SolarCamera: Equatable {
112 var target: SIMD3<Float> = .zero
113 var yaw: Float = 0.4
114 var pitch: Float = 0.55
115 var distance: Float = 14
116 static let fovDegrees: Float = 50
117
118 var position: SIMD3<Float> {
119 target + distance * SIMD3(cos(pitch) * sin(yaw), sin(pitch), cos(pitch) * cos(yaw))
120 }
121
122 /// Screen position of a scene point, or nil if it is behind the camera.
123 func project(_ p: SIMD3<Float>, in size: CGSize) -> CGPoint? {
124 let pos = position
125 let f = simd_normalize(target - pos)
126 let r = simd_normalize(simd_cross(f, SIMD3(0, 1, 0)))
127 let u = simd_cross(r, f)
128 let v = p - pos
129 let z = simd_dot(v, f)
130 guard z > 0 else { return nil }
131 let k = Float(size.height / 2) / tan(Self.fovDegrees * .pi / 360)
132 return CGPoint(x: size.width / 2 + CGFloat(simd_dot(v, r) / z * k), y: size.height / 2 - CGFloat(simd_dot(v, u) / z * k))
133 }
134
135 func distance(to p: SIMD3<Float>) -> Float { simd_length(p - position) }
136}
137
138/// The live space weather the scene shows: a flare on the Sun and an aurora ring on Earth.
139struct SolarWeather: Equatable {
140 var kp: Double?
141 /// Strongest X-ray flux in the last three hours and when it peaked.
142 var flare: (flux: Double, time: Date)?
143
144 static func == (a: SolarWeather, b: SolarWeather) -> Bool { a.kp == b.kp && a.flare?.flux == b.flare?.flux }
145
146 var showsFlare: Bool { (flare?.flux ?? 0) >= 1e-5 }
147 var showsAurora: Bool { (kp ?? 0) >= 4 }
148
149 var summary: String {
150 var parts: [String] = []
151 if let f = flare {
152 parts.append(showsFlare
153 ? "\(XRay.flareClass(f.flux)) solar flare at \(f.time.formatted(date: .omitted, time: .shortened))"
154 : "No large flares in the last 3 h (peak \(XRay.flareClass(f.flux)))")
155 }
156 if let kp {
157 parts.append(showsAurora
158 ? String(format: "Kp %.1f: aurora ring around Earth's poles", kp)
159 : String(format: "Kp %.1f: geomagnetic field quiet", kp))
160 }
161 return parts.isEmpty ? "Loading space weather" : parts.joined(separator: " · ")
162 }
163}
164
165/// Which optional layers are drawn.
166struct SolarLayers: Equatable {
167 var moons = true
168 var dwarfs = true
169 var craft = true
170 var comets = true
171}
172
173/// Anything the scene draws and can label or fly to.
174struct SolarMarker {
175 enum Kind { case sun, planet, moon, dwarf, craft, comet }
176 var id: String
177 var name: String
178 var kind: Kind
179 var scene: SIMD3<Float>
180 /// Drawn radius in scene units (for dots, the dot's size at the current zoom).
181 var radius: Float
182 var visible: Bool
183}
184
185/// Entities created once and moved on each update.
186@MainActor
187final class SolarSceneEntities {
188 let root = Entity()
189 let camera = PerspectiveCamera()
190 let sun = ModelEntity()
191 var bodies: [String: ModelEntity] = [:]
192 var nights: [String: ModelEntity] = [:]
193 var tails: [String: ModelEntity] = [:]
194 var orbits: [String: ModelEntity] = [:]
195 var orbitsBuilt: (SolarScale, Float)?
196 var paths: [String: ModelEntity] = [:]
197 var pathsBuilt: (SolarScale, Float, Int)?
198 let debris = ModelEntity()
199 var debrisBuilt: (SolarScale, Float, String)?
200 let flare = ModelEntity()
201 let aurora = Entity()
202}
203
204struct SolarSystem3DView: View {
205 var date: Date
206 var live: Bool
207 @Binding var scale: SolarScale
208 var ink: Color
209 var accent: Color
210 var onOpen: (LibraryPage) -> Void
211
212 @State private var entities = SolarSceneEntities()
213 @State private var cam = SolarCamera()
214 @State private var dragStart: SolarCamera?
215 @State private var pinchStart: Float?
216 @State private var selected: String?
217 @State private var weather = SolarWeather()
218 @State private var flight: Task<Void, Never>?
219 @State private var pulse = false
220 @State private var viewSize = CGSize(width: 400, height: 600)
221 @AppStorage("solar.moons") private var showMoons = true
222 @AppStorage("solar.dwarfs") private var showDwarfs = true
223 @AppStorage("solar.craft") private var showCraft = true
224 @AppStorage("solar.comets") private var showComets = true
225
226 private var mapping: SolarMapping { SolarMapping(scale: scale) }
227 private var layers: SolarLayers { SolarLayers(moons: showMoons, dwarfs: showDwarfs, craft: showCraft, comets: showComets) }
228
229 private static let mainComets: Set<String> = ["halley", "encke", "67p"]
230 private static let craftColor = UIColor(red: 0.88, green: 0.24, blue: 0.19, alpha: 1)
231
232 /// Meteor showers within a week of their peak, with a parent orbit to draw.
233 private var activeShowers: [MeteorShower] {
234 MeteorShower.major.filter { $0.parent != nil && abs($0.daysToPeak(from: date)) <= 7 }
235 }
236
237 var body: some View {
238 GeometryReader { geo in
239 ZStack {
240 RealityView { content in
241 content.camera = .virtual
242 build(content)
243 } update: { _ in
244 place()
245 }
246 .gesture(dragGesture.simultaneously(with: pinchGesture))
247 .onTapGesture(coordinateSpace: .local) { tap($0, size: geo.size) }
248
249 labels(size: geo.size).allowsHitTesting(false)
250
251 VStack(spacing: 8) {
252 if let s = selected { card(s) }
253 Spacer()
254 HStack(alignment: .bottom) {
255 Text(summary)
256 .font(.caption2).dimmed(0.8)
257 .padding(.horizontal, 10).padding(.vertical, 6)
258 .background(Color.black.opacity(0.7), in: RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 10))
259 Spacer(minLength: 8)
260 layerMenu
261 }
262 }
263 .padding(12)
264 }
265 .clipped()
266 .onAppear { viewSize = geo.size; cam.distance = fitDistance() }
267 .onChange(of: geo.size) { viewSize = geo.size }
268 }
269 .accessibilityElement(children: .contain)
270 .accessibilityLabel("3D solar system. Drag to turn, pinch to zoom, tap a body to learn about it.")
271 .onChange(of: scale) { resetView() }
272 .task { await loadWeather() }
273 .task {
274 while !Task.isCancelled {
275 try? await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(700))
276 pulse.toggle()
277 }
278 }
279 }
280
281 private var summary: String {
282 var lines: [String] = []
283 if let s = activeShowers.first, let parent = KeplerOrbit.comets.first(where: { $0.id == s.parent }) {
284 let d = s.daysToPeak(from: date)
285 let when = abs(d) < 1 ? "peak today" : d > 0 ? "peak in \(Int(d.rounded())) days" : "peaked \(Int((-d).rounded())) days ago"
286 lines.append("\(s.name) \(when): Earth is crossing debris from \(parent.name).")
287 }
288 lines.append(live ? weather.summary : "Live space weather is shown only for today.")
289 return lines.joined(separator: "\n")
290 }
291
292 private var layerMenu: some View {
293 Menu {
294 Toggle("Moons", isOn: $showMoons)
295 Toggle("Dwarf planets", isOn: $showDwarfs)
296 Toggle("Spacecraft", isOn: $showCraft)
297 Toggle("Comets and meteor showers", isOn: $showComets)
298 } label: {
299 Image(systemName: "square.3.layers.3d").font(.body).frame(width: 44, height: 44)
300 .background(Color.black.opacity(0.7), in: Circle())
301 }
302 .accessibilityLabel("Layers")
303 }
304
305 // MARK: Markers
306
307 /// Every body's scene position and drawn size for the current date, scale, layers and camera.
308 private func markers() -> [SolarMarker] {
309 let map = mapping
310 var out: [SolarMarker] = [SolarMarker(id: "sun", name: "Sun", kind: .sun, scene: .zero, radius: map.sunRadius, visible: true)]
311 var parents: [String: (scene: SIMD3<Float>, radiusKm: Double, tiltDeg: Double)] = [:]
312 func dot(_ p: SIMD3<Float>) -> Float { cam.distance(to: p) * 0.006 }
313
314 for p in SolarPlanet.all {
315 let s = map.point(p.position(at: date))
316 parents[p.id] = (s, p.radiusKm, p.tiltDeg)
317 out.append(SolarMarker(id: p.id, name: Library.page(id: p.id)?.title ?? p.id, kind: .planet, scene: s, radius: map.radius(km: p.radiusKm), visible: true))
318 }
319 if let pluto = SolarPlanet.pluto {
320 let s = map.point(pluto.position(at: date))
321 parents["pluto"] = (s, pluto.radiusKm, pluto.tiltDeg)
322 out.append(SolarMarker(id: "pluto", name: "Pluto", kind: .dwarf, scene: s, radius: map.radius(km: pluto.radiusKm), visible: layers.dwarfs))
323 }
324 for k in KeplerOrbit.dwarfPlanets {
325 let r = Library.page(id: k.id)?.drawing?.radiusKm ?? 500
326 out.append(SolarMarker(id: k.id, name: k.name, kind: .dwarf, scene: map.point(k.position(at: date)), radius: map.radius(km: r), visible: layers.dwarfs))
327 }
328
329 // Moons appear when the camera is near their planet (or the planet or moon is selected).
330 let galilean = SkyEngine.galileanMoons(at: date)
331 let jd = date.timeIntervalSince1970 / 86_400 + 2_440_587.5
332 var reach: [String: Float] = [:]
333 var moonMarkers: [SolarMarker] = []
334 for m in SolarMoon.all {
335 guard let parent = parents[m.parent] else { continue }
336 let dist = map.moonDistance(km: m.distanceKm, planetRadiusKm: parent.radiusKm)
337 reach[m.parent] = max(reach[m.parent] ?? 0, dist)
338 var dir: SIMD3<Float>
339 if m.id == "moon" {
340 dir = simd_normalize(SolarMapping.axes(SkyEngine.geocentricMoonEcliptic(at: date)))
341 } else if let i = SolarMoon.galilean.firstIndex(of: m.id) {
342 dir = simd_normalize(SolarMapping.axes(galilean[i]))
343 } else {
344 let phase = Double(m.id.unicodeScalars.reduce(0) { $0 + Int($1.value) } % 97) / 97
345 let a = 2 * Double.pi * ((jd - 2_451_545) / m.periodDays + phase)
346 let flat = SIMD3(Float(cos(a)), 0, Float(sin(a)))
347 dir = simd_quatf(angle: Float(parent.tiltDeg * .pi / 180), axis: [1, 0, 0]).act(flat)
348 }
349 moonMarkers.append(SolarMarker(id: m.id, name: Library.page(id: m.id)?.title ?? m.id, kind: .moon,
350 scene: parent.scene + dir * dist, radius: map.radius(km: m.radiusKm), visible: false))
351 }
352 for i in moonMarkers.indices {
353 let m = SolarMoon.all.first { $0.id == moonMarkers[i].id }!
354 guard let parent = parents[m.parent], let r = reach[m.parent] else { continue }
355 let near = cam.distance(to: parent.scene) < r * 16
356 let chosen = selected == m.id || selected == m.parent
357 let parentShown = m.parent != "pluto" || layers.dwarfs
358 moonMarkers[i].visible = layers.moons && parentShown && (near || chosen)
359 }
360 out += moonMarkers
361
362 for craft in Spacecraft.all {
363 guard let p = craft.position3(at: date) else { continue }
364 let s = map.point(p)
365 out.append(SolarMarker(id: "craft:\(craft.name)", name: craft.name, kind: .craft, scene: s, radius: dot(s), visible: layers.craft))
366 }
367
368 let showerParents = Set(activeShowers.compactMap(\.parent))
369 for c in KeplerOrbit.comets {
370 let s = map.point(c.position(at: date))
371 let shown = layers.comets && (Self.mainComets.contains(c.id) || showerParents.contains(c.id))
372 out.append(SolarMarker(id: "comet:\(c.id)", name: c.name, kind: .comet, scene: s, radius: dot(s), visible: shown))
373 }
374 return out
375 }
376
377 // MARK: Scene
378
379 private func build(_ content: RealityViewCameraContent) {
380 let e = entities
381 content.add(e.root)
382 e.camera.camera.fieldOfViewInDegrees = SolarCamera.fovDegrees
383 e.root.addChild(e.camera)
384
385 let sunMaterial = UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(red: 1, green: 0.86, blue: 0.5, alpha: 1))
386 e.sun.model = ModelComponent(mesh: .generateSphere(radius: 1), materials: [sunMaterial])
387 e.root.addChild(e.sun)
388 // Glow: nested translucent shells, fainter outward.
389 for i in 1...10 {
390 let r = 1 + Float(i) * 0.07
391 let a = CGFloat(0.09 * pow(0.78, Double(i - 1)))
392 var g = UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(red: 1, green: 0.72, blue: 0.32, alpha: a))
393 g.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: Float(a)))
394 e.sun.addChild(ModelEntity(mesh: .generateSphere(radius: r), materials: [g]))
395 }
396
397 // Planets, dwarf planets and moons: textured where there is a map, with a night side.
398 var spheres: [(id: String, color: String, tilt: Double)] = SolarPlanet.all.map { ($0.id, $0.color, $0.tiltDeg) }
399 if let pluto = SolarPlanet.pluto { spheres.append(("pluto", pluto.color, pluto.tiltDeg)) }
400 spheres += KeplerOrbit.dwarfPlanets.map { ($0.id, Library.page(id: $0.id)?.drawing?.color ?? "#999999", 0) }
401 spheres += SolarMoon.all.map { ($0.id, $0.color, 0) }
402 for s in spheres {
403 let body = ModelEntity()
404 // Plain colour first; the map, if there is one, is swapped in once it has loaded.
405 let m = UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(Color(hex: s.color) ?? .gray))
406 body.model = ModelComponent(mesh: .generateSphere(radius: 1), materials: [m])
407 body.orientation = simd_quatf(angle: Float(s.tilt * .pi / 180), axis: [1, 0, 0])
408 if s.id == "saturn" { body.addChild(Self.annulus(inner: 1.24, outer: 2.27, color: UIColor(red: 0.85, green: 0.78, blue: 0.62, alpha: 0.7))) }
409 e.bodies[s.id] = body
410 e.root.addChild(body)
411 let night = Self.nightShell()
412 e.nights[s.id] = night
413 e.root.addChild(night)
414 }
415
416 // Spacecraft and comet nuclei: dots sized each frame to stay visible.
417 for craft in Spacecraft.all {
418 let dot = ModelEntity(mesh: .generateSphere(radius: 1), materials: [UnlitMaterial(color: Self.craftColor)])
419 e.bodies["craft:\(craft.name)"] = dot
420 e.root.addChild(dot)
421 }
422 for c in KeplerOrbit.comets {
423 let nucleus = ModelEntity(mesh: .generateSphere(radius: 1), materials: [UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(white: 0.92, alpha: 1))])
424 e.bodies["comet:\(c.id)"] = nucleus
425 e.root.addChild(nucleus)
426 // A soft tail: nested cones, wider and fainter outward.
427 let tail = ModelEntity()
428 for (radius, alpha) in [(0.025, 0.3), (0.06, 0.14), (0.11, 0.06)] as [(Float, Float)] {
429 var t = UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(red: 0.7, green: 0.88, blue: 1, alpha: 1))
430 t.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: alpha))
431 tail.addChild(ModelEntity(mesh: .generateCone(height: 1, radius: radius), materials: [t]))
432 }
433 e.tails[c.id] = tail
434 e.root.addChild(tail)
435 }
436
437 var debrisMaterial = UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(red: 1, green: 0.88, blue: 0.65, alpha: 0.55))
438 debrisMaterial.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: 0.55))
439 debrisMaterial.faceCulling = .none
440 e.debris.model = ModelComponent(mesh: .generateBox(size: 0.0001), materials: [debrisMaterial])
441 e.root.addChild(e.debris)
442
443 var flareMaterial = UnlitMaterial(color: UIColor(red: 1, green: 1, blue: 0.85, alpha: 0.9))
444 flareMaterial.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: 0.9))
445 e.flare.model = ModelComponent(mesh: .generateSphere(radius: 1), materials: [flareMaterial])
446 e.root.addChild(e.flare)
447 for y: Float in [0.86, -0.86] {
448 for (inner, outer, alpha) in [(0.36, 0.66, 0.22), (0.45, 0.56, 0.5)] as [(Float, Float, CGFloat)] {
449 let ring = Self.annulus(inner: inner, outer: outer, color: UIColor(red: 0.35, green: 1, blue: 0.55, alpha: alpha))
450 ring.position.y = y * 1.02
451 e.aurora.addChild(ring)
452 }
453 }
454 e.bodies["earth"]?.addChild(e.aurora)
455 place()
456 loadTextures()
457 }
458
459 /// Loads surface maps off the main thread (about 0.6 s for all of them) and applies each as it arrives.
460 private func loadTextures() {
461 let e = entities
462 var jobs: [(entity: ModelEntity, url: URL, tint: UIColor)] = e.bodies.compactMap { id, entity in
463 GlobeView.mapURL(id).map { (entity, $0, .white) }
464 }
465 if let sun = Bundle.main.url(forResource: "sun", withExtension: "jpg", subdirectory: "Globes") { jobs.append((e.sun, sun, .white)) }
466 for job in jobs {
467 Task {
468 guard let texture = try? await TextureResource(contentsOf: job.url) else { return }
469 var m = UnlitMaterial()
470 m.color = .init(tint: job.tint, texture: .init(texture))
471 job.entity.model?.materials = [m]
472 }
473 }
474 }
475
476 /// Moves everything for the current date, scale, layers and camera.
477 private func place() {
478 let e = entities
479 let map = mapping
480 e.sun.scale = .init(repeating: map.sunRadius)
481 for m in markers() where m.kind != .sun {
482 guard let body = e.bodies[m.id] else { continue }
483 body.isEnabled = m.visible
484 body.position = m.scene
485 body.scale = .init(repeating: m.radius)
486 if let night = e.nights[m.id] {
487 night.isEnabled = m.visible
488 night.position = m.scene
489 night.scale = .init(repeating: m.radius * 1.004)
490 night.orientation = simd_quatf(from: SIMD3(0, 1, 0), to: simd_normalize(-m.scene))
491 }
492 if m.kind == .comet, let tail = e.tails[String(m.id.dropFirst(6))] {
493 place(tail: tail, at: m, map: map)
494 }
495 }
496 rebuildOrbitsIfNeeded()
497 rebuildPathsIfNeeded()
498 rebuildDebrisIfNeeded()
499 // Planet orbits are a guide at system scale; close to a planet they only cut across it.
500 let farEnough = cam.distance > map.radius(km: 70_000) * 25
501 for (id, o) in e.orbits {
502 o.isEnabled = farEnough && orbitShown(id)
503 }
504 for p in e.paths.values { p.isEnabled = farEnough && layers.craft }
505
506 if live, weather.showsFlare, let earth = e.bodies["earth"] {
507 e.flare.isEnabled = true
508 e.flare.position = simd_normalize(earth.position) * map.sunRadius * 1.02
509 e.flare.scale = .init(repeating: map.sunRadius * (pulse ? 0.22 : 0.16))
510 } else {
511 e.flare.isEnabled = false
512 }
513 e.aurora.isEnabled = live && weather.showsAurora
514
515 e.camera.look(at: cam.target, from: cam.position, relativeTo: nil)
516 e.camera.camera.near = max(cam.distance * 0.001, 1e-9)
517 e.camera.camera.far = cam.distance * 100 + 400
518 }
519
520 /// A comet's tail points away from the Sun and grows as the comet nears it; none beyond 4 AU.
521 private func place(tail: ModelEntity, at m: SolarMarker, map: SolarMapping) {
522 guard let c = KeplerOrbit.comets.first(where: { "comet:\($0.id)" == m.id }) else { return }
523 let au = (c.position(at: date) * c.position(at: date)).sum().squareRoot()
524 guard m.visible, au < 4 else { tail.isEnabled = false; return }
525 tail.isEnabled = true
526 let away = simd_normalize(m.scene)
527 let length = (map.scale == .compressed ? 0.9 : 0.4) * Float(min(1 / au, 2.5))
528 // The cone's apex is at +y: point it at the Sun so the tail widens away from it.
529 tail.orientation = simd_quatf(from: SIMD3(0, 1, 0), to: -away)
530 tail.scale = .init(repeating: length)
531 tail.position = m.scene + away * length / 2
532 }
533
534 private func orbitShown(_ id: String) -> Bool {
535 if id.hasPrefix("comet:") {
536 let c = String(id.dropFirst(6))
537 return layers.comets && (Self.mainComets.contains(c) || activeShowers.contains { $0.parent == c })
538 }
539 if id.hasPrefix("dwarf:") { return layers.dwarfs }
540 return true
541 }
542
543 /// Orbit ribbons for planets, dwarf planets and comets; rebuilt when the scale changes or the zoom
544 /// changes enough that their width would look wrong.
545 private func rebuildOrbitsIfNeeded() {
546 let e = entities
547 let width = cam.distance * 0.0022
548 if let (s, w) = e.orbitsBuilt, s == scale, w / width < 1.6, width / w < 1.6 { return }
549 e.orbitsBuilt = (scale, width)
550 let map = mapping
551 func set(_ id: String, _ points: [SIMD3<Float>], color: UIColor, opacity: Float) {
552 let mesh = Self.ribbon(points, width: width, closed: true)
553 if let existing = e.orbits[id] { existing.model?.mesh = mesh; return }
554 var m = UnlitMaterial(color: color)
555 m.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: opacity))
556 m.faceCulling = .none
557 let orbit = ModelEntity(mesh: mesh, materials: [m])
558 e.orbits[id] = orbit
559 e.root.addChild(orbit)
560 }
561 for p in SolarPlanet.all + [SolarPlanet.pluto].compactMap({ $0 }) {
562 let pts = (0..<240).map { i in map.point(p.position(at: date.addingTimeInterval(Double(i) / 240 * p.periodDays * 86_400))) }
563 set(p.id == "pluto" ? "dwarf:pluto" : p.id, pts, color: .white, opacity: p.id == "pluto" ? 0.12 : 0.22)
564 }
565 for k in KeplerOrbit.dwarfPlanets {
566 set("dwarf:\(k.id)", k.orbitPath().map(map.point), color: .white, opacity: 0.12)
567 }
568 for c in KeplerOrbit.comets {
569 set("comet:\(c.id)", c.orbitPath(steps: 400).map(map.point), color: UIColor(red: 0.6, green: 0.8, blue: 1, alpha: 1), opacity: 0.22)
570 }
571 }
572
573 /// Spacecraft paths from launch to the slider's date, rebuilt every 10 days of date change.
574 private func rebuildPathsIfNeeded() {
575 let e = entities
576 let width = cam.distance * 0.0022
577 let bucket = Int(date.timeIntervalSince1970 / 864_000)
578 let built = e.pathsBuilt
579 if let built, built.0 == scale, built.1 / width < 1.6, width / built.1 < 1.6, built.2 == bucket { return }
580 e.pathsBuilt = (scale, width, bucket)
581 let map = mapping
582 let day = date.timeIntervalSince1970 / 86_400
583 for craft in Spacecraft.all {
584 var pts = craft.points.filter { $0[0] <= day }.map { map.point(SIMD3($0[1], $0[2], $0[3])) }
585 if let now = craft.position3(at: date) { pts.append(map.point(now)) }
586 let mesh: MeshResource = pts.count > 1 ? Self.ribbon(pts, width: width, closed: false) : .generateBox(size: 0.0001)
587 if let existing = e.paths[craft.name] {
588 existing.model?.mesh = mesh
589 } else {
590 var m = UnlitMaterial(color: Self.craftColor)
591 m.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: 0.4))
592 m.faceCulling = .none
593 let path = ModelEntity(mesh: mesh, materials: [m])
594 e.paths[craft.name] = path
595 e.root.addChild(path)
596 }
597 }
598 }
599
600 /// Debris along an active meteor shower's parent orbit: small specks, densest where it crosses Earth's orbit.
601 private func rebuildDebrisIfNeeded() {
602 let e = entities
603 let showers = layers.comets ? activeShowers.compactMap(\.parent).sorted().joined(separator: ",") : ""
604 let size = cam.distance * 0.0016
605 if let (s, w, key) = e.debrisBuilt, s == scale, key == showers, w / size < 1.6, size / w < 1.6 { return }
606 e.debrisBuilt = (scale, size, showers)
607 guard !showers.isEmpty else { e.debris.isEnabled = false; return }
608 e.debris.isEnabled = true
609 let map = mapping
610 var rng = SeededRandom(seed: 42)
611 var positions: [SIMD3<Float>] = []
612 var indices: [UInt32] = []
613 for id in showers.split(separator: ",") {
614 guard let c = KeplerOrbit.comets.first(where: { $0.id == id }) else { continue }
615 for p in c.orbitPath(steps: 360) {
616 let r = (p * p).sum().squareRoot()
617 // More specks near 1 AU, where Earth meets the stream.
618 let copies = abs(r - 1) < 0.15 ? 4 : 1
619 for _ in 0..<copies {
620 let jitter = SIMD3(rng.next() - 0.5, rng.next() - 0.5, rng.next() - 0.5) * 0.08 * max(r, 0.3)
621 let c = map.point(p + jitter)
622 let base = UInt32(positions.count)
623 positions += [c + SIMD3(size, 0, 0), c + SIMD3(-size / 2, size, 0), c + SIMD3(-size / 2, -size / 2, size)]
624 indices += [base, base + 1, base + 2]
625 }
626 }
627 }
628 var d = MeshDescriptor(name: "debris")
629 d.positions = MeshBuffer(positions)
630 d.primitives = .triangles(indices)
631 if let mesh = try? MeshResource.generate(from: [d]) { e.debris.model?.mesh = mesh }
632 }
633
634 // MARK: Meshes
635
636 /// A flat ribbon through `points`, lying in the plane of the orbit.
637 private static func ribbon(_ points: [SIMD3<Float>], width: Float, closed: Bool) -> MeshResource {
638 var positions: [SIMD3<Float>] = []
639 var indices: [UInt32] = []
640 let n = points.count
641 for i in 0..<n {
642 let next = closed ? points[(i + 1) % n] : points[min(i + 1, n - 1)]
643 let prev = closed ? points[(i + n - 1) % n] : points[max(i - 1, 0)]
644 var t = next - prev
645 if simd_length(t) < 1e-12 { t = SIMD3(1, 0, 0) }
646 var side = simd_cross(simd_normalize(t), SIMD3(0, 1, 0))
647 if simd_length(side) < 1e-6 { side = SIMD3(1, 0, 0) }
648 side = simd_normalize(side) * width / 2
649 positions += [points[i] - side, points[i] + side]
650 if closed || i < n - 1 {
651 let a = UInt32(2 * i), b = UInt32(2 * ((i + 1) % n))
652 indices += [a, a + 1, b, b, a + 1, b + 1]
653 }
654 }
655 var d = MeshDescriptor(name: "orbit")
656 d.positions = MeshBuffer(positions)
657 d.primitives = .triangles(indices)
658 return (try? MeshResource.generate(from: [d])) ?? .generateBox(size: 0.0001)
659 }
660
661 /// A flat ring in the local x-z plane, radii in units of the parent's radius.
662 private static func annulus(inner: Float, outer: Float, color: UIColor) -> ModelEntity {
663 let n = 96
664 var positions: [SIMD3<Float>] = []
665 var indices: [UInt32] = []
666 for i in 0..<n {
667 let a = Float(i) / Float(n) * 2 * .pi
668 positions += [SIMD3(cos(a) * inner, 0, sin(a) * inner), SIMD3(cos(a) * outer, 0, sin(a) * outer)]
669 let p = UInt32(2 * i), q = UInt32(2 * ((i + 1) % n))
670 indices += [p, p + 1, q, q, p + 1, q + 1]
671 }
672 var d = MeshDescriptor(name: "ring")
673 d.positions = MeshBuffer(positions)
674 d.primitives = .triangles(indices)
675 var m = UnlitMaterial(color: color)
676 m.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: Float(color.cgColor.alpha)))
677 m.faceCulling = .none
678 return ModelEntity(mesh: (try? MeshResource.generate(from: [d])) ?? .generateBox(size: 0.001), materials: [m])
679 }
680
681 /// The half of a unit sphere below y = 0, drawn dark and mostly opaque over a body's night side.
682 private static func nightShell() -> ModelEntity {
683 let rings = 24, segments = 64
684 var positions: [SIMD3<Float>] = []
685 var indices: [UInt32] = []
686 for i in 0...rings {
687 let lat = -Float.pi / 2 * Float(i) / Float(rings)
688 for j in 0...segments {
689 let lon = Float(j) / Float(segments) * 2 * .pi
690 positions.append(SIMD3(cos(lat) * cos(lon), sin(lat), cos(lat) * sin(lon)))
691 }
692 }
693 for i in 0..<rings {
694 for j in 0..<segments {
695 let a = UInt32(i * (segments + 1) + j), b = a + UInt32(segments + 1)
696 indices += [a, b, a + 1, a + 1, b, b + 1]
697 }
698 }
699 var d = MeshDescriptor(name: "night")
700 d.positions = MeshBuffer(positions)
701 d.primitives = .triangles(indices)
702 var m = UnlitMaterial(color: .black)
703 m.blending = .transparent(opacity: .init(floatLiteral: 0.88))
704 m.faceCulling = .none
705 return ModelEntity(mesh: (try? MeshResource.generate(from: [d])) ?? .generateBox(size: 0.001), materials: [m])
706 }
707
708 // MARK: Labels, taps and the card
709
710 private func screenPoints(size: CGSize) -> [(marker: SolarMarker, point: CGPoint, radius: CGFloat)] {
711 markers().filter(\.visible).compactMap { m in
712 cam.project(m.scene, in: size).map { (m, $0, pixelRadius(m.radius, at: m.scene, size: size)) }
713 }
714 }
715
716 private func pixelRadius(_ r: Float, at p: SIMD3<Float>, size: CGSize) -> CGFloat {
717 let k = Float(size.height / 2) / tan(SolarCamera.fovDegrees * .pi / 360)
718 return CGFloat(r / max(cam.distance(to: p), 1e-9) * k)
719 }
720
721 /// Points to label, most important first, skipping a label that would sit on one already placed.
722 private func labelled(size: CGSize) -> [(marker: SolarMarker, point: CGPoint, radius: CGFloat, showName: Bool)] {
723 let planetOrder = ["jupiter", "saturn", "uranus", "neptune", "earth", "venus", "mars", "mercury"]
724 func rank(_ m: SolarMarker) -> Int {
725 switch m.kind {
726 case .sun: 0
727 case .planet: 1 + (planetOrder.firstIndex(of: m.id) ?? 9)
728 case .craft: 20
729 case .dwarf: 30
730 case .comet: 40
731 case .moon: 50
732 }
733 }
734 var placed: [CGPoint] = []
735 let points = screenPoints(size: size)
736 // Anything whose centre falls on the disc of a nearer body is hidden behind it.
737 let discs = points.filter { $0.radius > 4 }.map { ($0.point, $0.radius, cam.distance(to: $0.marker.scene)) }
738 return points
739 .filter { item in
740 let d = cam.distance(to: item.marker.scene)
741 return !discs.contains { $0.2 < d && hypot($0.0.x - item.point.x, $0.0.y - item.point.y) < $0.1 }
742 }
743 .sorted { rank($0.marker) < rank($1.marker) }
744 .map { item in
745 let at = CGPoint(x: item.point.x, y: item.point.y - max(item.radius, 5) - 9)
746 let clear = item.marker.id == selected || placed.allSatisfy { abs($0.x - at.x) > 48 || abs($0.y - at.y) > 14 }
747 if clear { placed.append(at) }
748 return (item.marker, item.point, item.radius, clear)
749 }
750 }
751
752 private func labels(size: CGSize) -> some View {
753 ZStack {
754 ForEach(labelled(size: size), id: \.marker.id) { item in
755 let m = item.marker
756 let isSelected = m.id == selected
757 let color: Color = isSelected ? accent : m.kind == .craft ? accent.opacity(0.9) : m.kind == .comet ? Color(red: 0.7, green: 0.85, blue: 1) : ink.opacity(m.kind == .moon ? 0.7 : 0.85)
758 ZStack {
759 if item.radius < 3, m.kind != .craft, m.kind != .comet {
760 Circle().stroke(isSelected ? accent : ink.opacity(0.6), lineWidth: 1.2).frame(width: 10, height: 10)
761 }
762 if item.showName {
763 Text(m.name).font(.caption2.weight(isSelected ? .semibold : .regular))
764 .foregroundStyle(color)
765 .shadow(color: .black, radius: 2)
766 .fixedSize()
767 .offset(y: -max(item.radius, 5) - 9)
768 }
769 }
770 .position(item.point)
771 }
772 }
773 }
774
775 private func tap(_ location: CGPoint, size: CGSize) {
776 let hit = screenPoints(size: size)
777 .map { ($0.marker.id, hypot($0.point.x - location.x, $0.point.y - location.y) - max($0.radius, 0)) }
778 .filter { $0.1 < 28 }
779 .min { $0.1 < $1.1 }
780 guard let id = hit?.0 else { selected = nil; return }
781 selected = id
782 fly(to: id)
783 }
784
785 /// The selected body's Library page, title, one-line description and position note.
786 private func details(_ id: String) -> (page: LibraryPage?, title: String, subtitle: String, note: String?) {
787 func fromSun(_ v: SIMD3<Double>) -> String {
788 let au = (v * v).sum().squareRoot()
789 return String(format: "%.2f AU from the Sun · sunlight takes %@", au, lightTime(au))
790 }
791 if id.hasPrefix("craft:") {
792 let name = String(id.dropFirst(6))
793 let page = Library.page(spacecraft: name)
794 let pos = Spacecraft.all.first { $0.name == name }?.position3(at: date)
795 return (page, name, page?.subtitle ?? "Spacecraft", pos.map(fromSun))
796 }
797 if id.hasPrefix("comet:"), let c = KeplerOrbit.comets.first(where: { "comet:\($0.id)" == id }) {
798 let years = c.periodDays / 365.25
799 let last = Date(timeIntervalSince1970: (c.perihelionJD - 2_440_587.5) * 86_400)
800 var sub = String(format: "Goes round the Sun every %.0f years.", years)
801 if years < 10 {
802 sub += " Next closest to the Sun \(c.nextPerihelion(after: .now).formatted(.dateTime.month(.wide).year()))."
803 } else {
804 sub += " Last closest to the Sun in \(last.formatted(.dateTime.year()))."
805 }
806 if let shower = MeteorShower.major.first(where: { $0.parent == c.id }) {
807 sub += " Its debris makes the \(shower.name)."
808 }
809 return (c.page.flatMap { Library.page(id: $0) }, c.name, sub, fromSun(c.position(at: date)))
810 }
811 let page = Library.page(id: id)
812 let title = page?.title ?? id
813 let subtitle = page?.subtitle ?? ""
814 if let m = SolarMoon.all.first(where: { $0.id == id }) {
815 let parentName = Library.page(id: m.parent)?.title ?? m.parent
816 let note = "\(Int(m.distanceKm).formatted()) km from \(parentName)" + (m.isExact ? "" : " · position illustrative")
817 return (page, title, subtitle, note)
818 }
819 if let p = SolarPlanet.all.first(where: { $0.id == id }) ?? (id == "pluto" ? SolarPlanet.pluto : nil) {
820 return (page, title, subtitle, fromSun(p.position(at: date)))
821 }
822 if let k = KeplerOrbit.dwarfPlanets.first(where: { $0.id == id }) {
823 return (page, title, subtitle, fromSun(k.position(at: date)))
824 }
825 return (page, title, subtitle, nil)
826 }
827
828 private func card(_ id: String) -> some View {
829 let d = details(id)
830 return VStack(alignment: .leading, spacing: 6) {
831 HStack {
832 Text(d.title).font(.headline)
833 Spacer()
834 Button { selected = nil; resetView() } label: {
835 Image(systemName: "xmark").font(.footnote.weight(.semibold)).frame(width: 44, height: 44).contentShape(Rectangle())
836 }
837 .buttonStyle(.plain)
838 .padding(-12)
839 .accessibilityLabel("Close")
840 }
841 if !d.subtitle.isEmpty { Text(d.subtitle).font(.footnote).dimmed(0.75).fixedSize(horizontal: false, vertical: true) }
842 if let note = d.note { Text(note).font(.footnote.monospacedDigit()).dimmed(0.85) }
843 if let page = d.page {
844 Button("Read more") { onOpen(page) }.font(.subheadline.weight(.medium)).foregroundStyle(accent)
845 }
846 }
847 .padding(14)
848 .background(Color(white: 0.06), in: RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14))
849 .contentShape(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14))
850 .overlay(RoundedRectangle(cornerRadius: 14).stroke(ink.opacity(0.15), lineWidth: 0.5))
851 }
852
853 private func lightTime(_ au: Double) -> String {
854 let s = au * 499.004784
855 let h = Int(s / 3600), m = Int(s.truncatingRemainder(dividingBy: 3600) / 60)
856 return h > 0 ? "\(h) h \(m) min" : "\(m) min"
857 }
858
859 // MARK: Camera
860
861 private var dragGesture: some Gesture {
862 DragGesture(minimumDistance: 4)
863 .onChanged { g in
864 flight?.cancel()
865 if dragStart == nil { dragStart = cam }
866 cam.yaw = dragStart!.yaw - Float(g.translation.width) * 0.008
867 cam.pitch = min(max(dragStart!.pitch + Float(g.translation.height) * 0.008, -1.45), 1.45)
868 }
869 .onEnded { _ in dragStart = nil }
870 }
871
872 private var pinchGesture: some Gesture {
873 MagnifyGesture()
874 .onChanged { g in
875 flight?.cancel()
876 if pinchStart == nil { pinchStart = cam.distance }
877 let limits: ClosedRange<Float> = scale == .compressed ? 0.02...80 : 1e-6...400
878 cam.distance = min(max(pinchStart! / Float(g.magnification), limits.lowerBound), limits.upperBound)
879 }
880 .onEnded { _ in pinchStart = nil }
881 }
882
883 private func resetView() {
884 animateCamera(to: SolarCamera(target: .zero, yaw: cam.yaw, pitch: 0.55, distance: fitDistance()))
885 }
886
887 /// Camera distance at which Neptune's orbit fits the narrower side of the view.
888 private func fitDistance() -> Float {
889 let neptune = Float(mapping.scale == .compressed ? 1.6 * pow(30.1, 0.4) : 30.1)
890 let tanV = tan(SolarCamera.fovDegrees * .pi / 360)
891 let tanH = tanV * Float(viewSize.width / max(viewSize.height, 1))
892 return neptune * 1.22 / min(tanV, tanH)
893 }
894
895 /// Centres on a body and zooms to a few times its drawn radius (or a fixed distance for dots).
896 private func fly(to id: String) {
897 guard let m = markers().first(where: { $0.id == id }) else { return }
898 let distance: Float
899 switch m.kind {
900 case .craft, .comet: distance = scale == .compressed ? 1.2 : 0.6
901 default: distance = m.radius * (m.id == "saturn" ? 2.3 : 1) * 7
902 }
903 animateCamera(to: SolarCamera(target: m.scene, yaw: cam.yaw, pitch: max(cam.pitch, 0.25), distance: distance))
904 }
905
906 /// Moves the camera over about a second, interpolating distance on a log scale.
907 private func animateCamera(to end: SolarCamera) {
908 flight?.cancel()
909 let start = cam
910 flight = Task {
911 let frames = 50
912 for f in 1...frames {
913 try? await Task.sleep(for: .milliseconds(18))
914 if Task.isCancelled { return }
915 let x = Float(f) / Float(frames)
916 let t = x < 0.5 ? 4 * x * x * x : 1 - pow(-2 * x + 2, 3) / 2
917 cam.target = start.target + (end.target - start.target) * t
918 cam.pitch = start.pitch + (end.pitch - start.pitch) * t
919 cam.distance = exp(Foundation.log(start.distance) + (Foundation.log(end.distance) - Foundation.log(start.distance)) * t)
920 }
921 }
922 }
923
924 // MARK: Weather
925
926 private func loadWeather() async {
927 while !Task.isCancelled {
928 async let kp = try? SpaceWeather.fetch()
929 async let xray = try? XRay.fetch()
930 let (k, x) = await (kp, xray)
931 var w = SolarWeather(kp: k?.kpNow)
932 if let samples = x {
933 let recent = samples.filter { $0.time > .now.addingTimeInterval(-3 * 3600) }
934 if let peak = recent.max(by: { $0.flux < $1.flux }) { w.flare = (peak.flux, peak.time) }
935 }
936 #if DEBUG
937 if UserDefaults.standard.bool(forKey: "debugSolarEvents") { w.kp = 6.3; w.flare = (2.4e-5, .now) }
938 #endif
939 weather = w
940 try? await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(600))
941 }
942 }
943}
944
945/// A small deterministic generator, so debris looks the same each time it is rebuilt.
946private struct SeededRandom {
947 var state: UInt64
948 init(seed: UInt64) { state = seed }
949 mutating func next() -> Double {
950 state = state &* 6_364_136_223_846_793_005 &+ 1_442_695_040_888_963_407
951 return Double(state >> 11) / Double(1 << 53)
952 }
953}